Research Article
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The Impact Of The Recreational Flow Experience On The Perception Of Wellness Among Individuals Engaged In Extreme Sports

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 734 - 749, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1540910

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of recreational flow experience on perceived wellness among extreme sports participants.
Material and Methods: Employing a quantitative research method, a correlational survey model was utilized in this study. The research group consists of 532 extreme sports participants, including 397 men and 135 women. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0, with Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression used to examine the relationship and impact of flow experience on perceived wellness.
Results: The findings revealed that anxiety and boredom during the activity were negatively correlated with perceived wellness, while acquaintance and flow were positively correlated. Regression analysis showed no significant impact of boredom on wellness. Acquaintance positively affected psychological, emotional, physical, and intellectual wellness, while anxiety had a negative effect on all dimensions of wellness. Additionally, recreational flow experience had a positive impact on all dimensions of perceived wellness.
Conclusion: Consequently, it was determined that anxiety during extreme sports negatively affected perceived wellness, while the attitude towards acquaintance during the activity and recreational flow experience positively influenced perceived wellness. Recommendations for practitioners include organizing trainers and informing recreation specialists and coaches to establish a balance between challenge and skill in order to facilitate the flow experience.

References

  • Ekinci E. Macera arayışı, akış deneyimi ve serbest zaman tatmini ilişkisi: Açık alan rekreasyon katılımcıları üzerine bir araştırma (doctoral dissertation). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi. 2023.
  • Adams T, Bezner J, Steinhardt M. The conceptualization and measurement of perceived wellness: Integrating balance across and within dimensions. American Journal of health promotion 1997;11(3):208-218.
  • Celsi RL, Rose RL, Leigh, TW. An exploration of high-risk leisure consumption through skydiving. Journal of Consumer Research 1993;20(1):1-23.
  • Fullagar CJ, Knight PA, Sovern HS. Challenge/skill balance, flow, and performance anxiety. Applied Psychology 2013;62(2):236-259.
  • Cheng TM, Lu CC. The causal relationships among recreational involvement, flow experience, and well-being for surfing activities. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 2015;20(sup1):1486-1504. Eryılmaz G. Rekreatif etkinliklere katılan bireylerin akış deneyimleri, pozitif ve negatif duygu durumları, öz yeterlilikleri ve yaşam doyumları ilişkisi (doctoral dissertation). Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi. 2018.
  • Jang K. Relationships Between Leisure Flow, Leisure Benefits, Life Satisfaction and Revisit Intention of College Student Customers in Ski Resort. Journal of the Korean Contents Association) 2016;16(9):254-266.
  • Kim J, Lee G. The influence of Leisure skill and Leisure flow of Leisure sports participants on Leisure benefit. Journal of the Korean Society for Sports Sociology 2008;21(4):771-787.
  • Kim K. The causal relationship between the flow experience, leisure competence, and leisure gain of paragliding participants. Journal of the Korea Entertainment Industry Association 2016;10(6), 215.
  • Rogatko TP. The influence of flow on positive affect in college students. Journal of Happiness Studies 2009;10:133-148.
  • Seon-ki P, Beom K. The Relationship among Decisional Balance and Leisure Flow, Leisure Benefit of Continues Swimming Participators. Journal of the Korean Association for Physical Education 2012;21(4):235-248.
  • Jackson SA, Thomas PR, Marsh HW et al. Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance. Journal of applied sport psychology 2001;13(2):129-153.
  • Swann C, Crust L, Jackman P, et al. Psychological states underlying excellent performance in sport: Toward an integrated model of flow and clutch states. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 2017;29(4):375-401.
  • Swann C, Piggott D, Schweickle M, et al. A review of scientific progress in flow in sport and exercise: normal science, crisis, and a progressive shift. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 2018;30(3):249-271.
  • Sahoo FM, Sahu R. The role of flow experience in human happiness. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology 2009;35(SI):40-47.
  • Tsaur SH, Yen CH, Hsiao SL. Transcendent experience, flow and happiness for mountain climbers. International Journal of Tourism Research 2013;15(4):360-374.
  • Brymer E, Oades L. Extreme Sports: A positive transformation in courage and humility. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2009;49(1):114-126.
  • Lynch JM, & Troy AS. The role of nonduality in the relationship between flow states and well-being. Mindfulness 2021;12(7):1639-1652.
  • Willig C. A phenomenological investigation of the experience of taking part in extreme sports. Journal of health psychology 2008;13(5):690-702.
  • Csikszentmihalyi M. Beyond boredom and anxiety. Washington: Jossey-Bass; 1975.
  • Jackson SA, Marsh HW. Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1996;18(1):17-35.
  • Csikszentmihalyi M. Akış: Mutluluk bilimi. 8th ed. (Barış Satılmış, Trans.). Ankara; Buzdağı Yayınevi; 2021.
  • Rothmann S, Ekkerd J. The validation of the perceived wellness survey in the South African police service. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 2007;33(3):35-42.
  • Bezner JR, Hunter DL. Wellness perception in persons with traumatic brain injury and its relation to functional independence. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001;82(6):787-792.
  • Oliver MD, Baldwin DR, DattaS. Health to Wellness: A Review of Wellness Models and Transitioning Back to Health. International Journal of Health, Wellness & Society 2019;9(1):41-56.
  • Brymer E, Schweitzer R. Extreme sports are good for your health: a phenomenological understanding of fear and anxiety in extreme sport. Journal of health psychology 2013;18(4):477-487.
  • Fraenkel JR, Wallen NE, Hyun HH. How to design and evaluate research in education. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
  • Karasar N. Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım; 2005.
  • Coşkun R, Altunışık R, Bayraktaroğlu S, et al. Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık; 2015.
  • Kozak M. Bilimsel araştırma: Tasarım, yazım ve yayım teknikleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; 2014. Sekaran U, Bougie R. Research methods for business: a skill building approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.
  • Ak MO, Alpullu A. Alpak akış ölçeği geliştirme ve doğu batı üniversitelerinin karşılaştırılması. Sport Sciences 2020;15(1):1- 16.
  • Memnun S. Algılanan esenlik ölçeğinin (perceived wellness scale) geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması ve beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin esenlik algıları (master’s thesis). İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi. 2006.
  • Karagöz Y. Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. İstanbul: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2017.
  • Tabachnick BG. Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: MA: Pearson; 2013.
  • Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: HarperCollins; 1990. Ayazlar RA. Akış deneyiminin yamaç paraşütü deneyim doyumu ve yaşam doyumuna etkileri (doctoral dissertation). Aydın: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi. 2015.
  • Bradburn NM. The structure of psychological well-being. Oxford: Aldine; 1969.
  • Chen LH, Ye YC, Chen MY, et al. Alegría! Flow in leisure and life satisfaction: The mediating role of event satisfaction using data from an acrobatics show. Social Indicators Research 2010;99(2):301-313.
  • Kozma A, Stones MJ, McNeil JK. Psychological well-being in later life. Toronto: Butterworths; 1991.
  • Yıldız AB, Gülşen DBA, Yılmaz B. Sporcuların optimal performans duygu durumunun yaşam tatminleri üzerindeki etkisi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2015;9(9):58-64.
  • Woodman T, Hardy L, Barlow M. High- risk sports. In G Tenenbaum, Eklund RC, editors Handbook of Sport Psychology New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2020.p. 177–189.
  • Pressman SD, Gallagher MW, Lopez SJ. Is the emotion-health connection a “first- world problem”?. Psychological Science 2013; 24(4):544-549.
  • Pressman SD, Jenkins BN, Moskowitz JT. Positive affect and health: What do we know and where next should we go?. Annual Review of Psychology 2019;70:627-650.
  • Akyol P, Imamoglu O. The relationship between motivation and flow states in sports faculty students. Asian Journal of Education and Training 2019;5(3):440-446.
  • Dietrich A. Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the experience of flow. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal 2004;13(4):746– 761.
  • Engeser S, Rheinberg F. Flow, performance and moderators of challenge-skill balance. Motivation and Emotion 2008;32(3):158-172.
  • Ullén F, de Manzano, Ö, Theorell, T, et al. The physiology of effortless attention: Correlates of state flow and flow proneness. In B. Bruya editor. Effortless Attention: A New Perspective in the Cognitive Science of Attention and Action Effortless Attention: A New Perspective in the Cognitive Science of Attention and Action Cambridge: Bradford Books; 2010. p205-218.
  • Kirchner JM, Bloom AJ, Skutnick-Henley P. The relationship between performance anxiety and flow. Medical Problems of Performing Artists 2008;23(2):59-65.
  • Ayhan C. Serbest zaman ilgilenimi, rekreasyonel akış deneyimi, rekreasyonel fayda ve serbest zaman tatmininin tekrar katılım niyeti üzerine etkisi (doctoral dissertation) Sakarya: Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi. 2022.
  • Moutinho HA, Monteiro A, Costa A, et al. The role of emotional intelligence, happiness and flow on academic achievement and subjective wellbeing in the university context. Revista Iberoamericana De Diagnostico Y Evaluacion-E Avaliacao Psicological 2019;3(52):99-114.
  • Asakawa K. Flow experience and autotelic personality in Japanese college students: How do they experience challenges in daily life?. Journal of Happiness Studies 2004;5(2):123-154.
  • Carpentier J, Mageau GA, Vallerand RJ. Ruminations and flow: Why do people with a more harmonious passion experience higher well-being?. Journal of Happiness Studies 2012;13(3):501–518.
  • Cathcart S, McGregor M, Groundwater E. Mindfulness and flow in elite athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 2014;8(2):119-141.
  • Kee YH, Wang CJ. Relationships between mindfulness, flow dispositions and mental skills adoption: A cluster analytic approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2008;9(4):393-411.
Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 734 - 749, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1540910

Abstract

References

  • Ekinci E. Macera arayışı, akış deneyimi ve serbest zaman tatmini ilişkisi: Açık alan rekreasyon katılımcıları üzerine bir araştırma (doctoral dissertation). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi. 2023.
  • Adams T, Bezner J, Steinhardt M. The conceptualization and measurement of perceived wellness: Integrating balance across and within dimensions. American Journal of health promotion 1997;11(3):208-218.
  • Celsi RL, Rose RL, Leigh, TW. An exploration of high-risk leisure consumption through skydiving. Journal of Consumer Research 1993;20(1):1-23.
  • Fullagar CJ, Knight PA, Sovern HS. Challenge/skill balance, flow, and performance anxiety. Applied Psychology 2013;62(2):236-259.
  • Cheng TM, Lu CC. The causal relationships among recreational involvement, flow experience, and well-being for surfing activities. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 2015;20(sup1):1486-1504. Eryılmaz G. Rekreatif etkinliklere katılan bireylerin akış deneyimleri, pozitif ve negatif duygu durumları, öz yeterlilikleri ve yaşam doyumları ilişkisi (doctoral dissertation). Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi. 2018.
  • Jang K. Relationships Between Leisure Flow, Leisure Benefits, Life Satisfaction and Revisit Intention of College Student Customers in Ski Resort. Journal of the Korean Contents Association) 2016;16(9):254-266.
  • Kim J, Lee G. The influence of Leisure skill and Leisure flow of Leisure sports participants on Leisure benefit. Journal of the Korean Society for Sports Sociology 2008;21(4):771-787.
  • Kim K. The causal relationship between the flow experience, leisure competence, and leisure gain of paragliding participants. Journal of the Korea Entertainment Industry Association 2016;10(6), 215.
  • Rogatko TP. The influence of flow on positive affect in college students. Journal of Happiness Studies 2009;10:133-148.
  • Seon-ki P, Beom K. The Relationship among Decisional Balance and Leisure Flow, Leisure Benefit of Continues Swimming Participators. Journal of the Korean Association for Physical Education 2012;21(4):235-248.
  • Jackson SA, Thomas PR, Marsh HW et al. Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance. Journal of applied sport psychology 2001;13(2):129-153.
  • Swann C, Crust L, Jackman P, et al. Psychological states underlying excellent performance in sport: Toward an integrated model of flow and clutch states. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 2017;29(4):375-401.
  • Swann C, Piggott D, Schweickle M, et al. A review of scientific progress in flow in sport and exercise: normal science, crisis, and a progressive shift. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 2018;30(3):249-271.
  • Sahoo FM, Sahu R. The role of flow experience in human happiness. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology 2009;35(SI):40-47.
  • Tsaur SH, Yen CH, Hsiao SL. Transcendent experience, flow and happiness for mountain climbers. International Journal of Tourism Research 2013;15(4):360-374.
  • Brymer E, Oades L. Extreme Sports: A positive transformation in courage and humility. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2009;49(1):114-126.
  • Lynch JM, & Troy AS. The role of nonduality in the relationship between flow states and well-being. Mindfulness 2021;12(7):1639-1652.
  • Willig C. A phenomenological investigation of the experience of taking part in extreme sports. Journal of health psychology 2008;13(5):690-702.
  • Csikszentmihalyi M. Beyond boredom and anxiety. Washington: Jossey-Bass; 1975.
  • Jackson SA, Marsh HW. Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1996;18(1):17-35.
  • Csikszentmihalyi M. Akış: Mutluluk bilimi. 8th ed. (Barış Satılmış, Trans.). Ankara; Buzdağı Yayınevi; 2021.
  • Rothmann S, Ekkerd J. The validation of the perceived wellness survey in the South African police service. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 2007;33(3):35-42.
  • Bezner JR, Hunter DL. Wellness perception in persons with traumatic brain injury and its relation to functional independence. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001;82(6):787-792.
  • Oliver MD, Baldwin DR, DattaS. Health to Wellness: A Review of Wellness Models and Transitioning Back to Health. International Journal of Health, Wellness & Society 2019;9(1):41-56.
  • Brymer E, Schweitzer R. Extreme sports are good for your health: a phenomenological understanding of fear and anxiety in extreme sport. Journal of health psychology 2013;18(4):477-487.
  • Fraenkel JR, Wallen NE, Hyun HH. How to design and evaluate research in education. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
  • Karasar N. Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım; 2005.
  • Coşkun R, Altunışık R, Bayraktaroğlu S, et al. Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık; 2015.
  • Kozak M. Bilimsel araştırma: Tasarım, yazım ve yayım teknikleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; 2014. Sekaran U, Bougie R. Research methods for business: a skill building approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.
  • Ak MO, Alpullu A. Alpak akış ölçeği geliştirme ve doğu batı üniversitelerinin karşılaştırılması. Sport Sciences 2020;15(1):1- 16.
  • Memnun S. Algılanan esenlik ölçeğinin (perceived wellness scale) geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması ve beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin esenlik algıları (master’s thesis). İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi. 2006.
  • Karagöz Y. Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. İstanbul: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2017.
  • Tabachnick BG. Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: MA: Pearson; 2013.
  • Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: HarperCollins; 1990. Ayazlar RA. Akış deneyiminin yamaç paraşütü deneyim doyumu ve yaşam doyumuna etkileri (doctoral dissertation). Aydın: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi. 2015.
  • Bradburn NM. The structure of psychological well-being. Oxford: Aldine; 1969.
  • Chen LH, Ye YC, Chen MY, et al. Alegría! Flow in leisure and life satisfaction: The mediating role of event satisfaction using data from an acrobatics show. Social Indicators Research 2010;99(2):301-313.
  • Kozma A, Stones MJ, McNeil JK. Psychological well-being in later life. Toronto: Butterworths; 1991.
  • Yıldız AB, Gülşen DBA, Yılmaz B. Sporcuların optimal performans duygu durumunun yaşam tatminleri üzerindeki etkisi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2015;9(9):58-64.
  • Woodman T, Hardy L, Barlow M. High- risk sports. In G Tenenbaum, Eklund RC, editors Handbook of Sport Psychology New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2020.p. 177–189.
  • Pressman SD, Gallagher MW, Lopez SJ. Is the emotion-health connection a “first- world problem”?. Psychological Science 2013; 24(4):544-549.
  • Pressman SD, Jenkins BN, Moskowitz JT. Positive affect and health: What do we know and where next should we go?. Annual Review of Psychology 2019;70:627-650.
  • Akyol P, Imamoglu O. The relationship between motivation and flow states in sports faculty students. Asian Journal of Education and Training 2019;5(3):440-446.
  • Dietrich A. Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the experience of flow. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal 2004;13(4):746– 761.
  • Engeser S, Rheinberg F. Flow, performance and moderators of challenge-skill balance. Motivation and Emotion 2008;32(3):158-172.
  • Ullén F, de Manzano, Ö, Theorell, T, et al. The physiology of effortless attention: Correlates of state flow and flow proneness. In B. Bruya editor. Effortless Attention: A New Perspective in the Cognitive Science of Attention and Action Effortless Attention: A New Perspective in the Cognitive Science of Attention and Action Cambridge: Bradford Books; 2010. p205-218.
  • Kirchner JM, Bloom AJ, Skutnick-Henley P. The relationship between performance anxiety and flow. Medical Problems of Performing Artists 2008;23(2):59-65.
  • Ayhan C. Serbest zaman ilgilenimi, rekreasyonel akış deneyimi, rekreasyonel fayda ve serbest zaman tatmininin tekrar katılım niyeti üzerine etkisi (doctoral dissertation) Sakarya: Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi. 2022.
  • Moutinho HA, Monteiro A, Costa A, et al. The role of emotional intelligence, happiness and flow on academic achievement and subjective wellbeing in the university context. Revista Iberoamericana De Diagnostico Y Evaluacion-E Avaliacao Psicological 2019;3(52):99-114.
  • Asakawa K. Flow experience and autotelic personality in Japanese college students: How do they experience challenges in daily life?. Journal of Happiness Studies 2004;5(2):123-154.
  • Carpentier J, Mageau GA, Vallerand RJ. Ruminations and flow: Why do people with a more harmonious passion experience higher well-being?. Journal of Happiness Studies 2012;13(3):501–518.
  • Cathcart S, McGregor M, Groundwater E. Mindfulness and flow in elite athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 2014;8(2):119-141.
  • Kee YH, Wang CJ. Relationships between mindfulness, flow dispositions and mental skills adoption: A cluster analytic approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2008;9(4):393-411.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Eminsafa Dilmaç 0000-0002-5136-9217

Nurgül Tezcan 0000-0002-9483-2013

Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date August 30, 2024
Acceptance Date September 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Dilmaç, E., & Tezcan, N. (2024). The Impact Of The Recreational Flow Experience On The Perception Of Wellness Among Individuals Engaged In Extreme Sports. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 8(3), 734-749. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1540910
AMA Dilmaç E, Tezcan N. The Impact Of The Recreational Flow Experience On The Perception Of Wellness Among Individuals Engaged In Extreme Sports. JBACHS. September 2024;8(3):734-749. doi:10.30621/jbachs.1540910
Chicago Dilmaç, Eminsafa, and Nurgül Tezcan. “The Impact Of The Recreational Flow Experience On The Perception Of Wellness Among Individuals Engaged In Extreme Sports”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 8, no. 3 (September 2024): 734-49. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1540910.
EndNote Dilmaç E, Tezcan N (September 1, 2024) The Impact Of The Recreational Flow Experience On The Perception Of Wellness Among Individuals Engaged In Extreme Sports. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 8 3 734–749.
IEEE E. Dilmaç and N. Tezcan, “The Impact Of The Recreational Flow Experience On The Perception Of Wellness Among Individuals Engaged In Extreme Sports”, JBACHS, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 734–749, 2024, doi: 10.30621/jbachs.1540910.
ISNAD Dilmaç, Eminsafa - Tezcan, Nurgül. “The Impact Of The Recreational Flow Experience On The Perception Of Wellness Among Individuals Engaged In Extreme Sports”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 8/3 (September 2024), 734-749. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1540910.
JAMA Dilmaç E, Tezcan N. The Impact Of The Recreational Flow Experience On The Perception Of Wellness Among Individuals Engaged In Extreme Sports. JBACHS. 2024;8:734–749.
MLA Dilmaç, Eminsafa and Nurgül Tezcan. “The Impact Of The Recreational Flow Experience On The Perception Of Wellness Among Individuals Engaged In Extreme Sports”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, vol. 8, no. 3, 2024, pp. 734-49, doi:10.30621/jbachs.1540910.
Vancouver Dilmaç E, Tezcan N. The Impact Of The Recreational Flow Experience On The Perception Of Wellness Among Individuals Engaged In Extreme Sports. JBACHS. 2024;8(3):734-49.