The Investigation of Aerobic Performance and Anaerobic Capacity Changes in Elite 3x3 Basketball Players During Fasting

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 554 - 563, 30.09.2025

Kıvanç Dinler , Erdem Uylas , Muammer Altun

https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1704950

Abstract

The Investigation of Aerobic Performance and Anaerobic Capacity Changes in Elite 3x3 Basketball Players During Fasting

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of training during Ramadan on body composition and aerobic- anaerobic performance parameters in professional male 3x3 basketball players.

Material and Methods: Eight healthy male competitive 3x3 basketball players were included in the study. Study data were collected in two sessions, before and immediately after Ramadan, following an acclimatization session. Participants' anthropometric characteristics, 30-15 interval running test values, Wingate Anaerobic test, and vertical jump test values were measured, and the obtained data were analyzed using the JASP software package. Paired simple t-tests were applied to pre-post changes the analysis, and significance was accepted at p<0.05.

Results: THE significant decrease was found in the body fat percentage (p: 0.29), while a significant increase was found in muscle mass (p: 0.001). In peak power and average power values decreased significantly (p: 0.047 and p: 0.035) according to Wingate Anaerobic test results, while fatigue index values increased significantly (p: 0.020). Additionally, no significant difference was found in vertical jump values.

Conclusion: The study results indicate that training conducted in conjunction with fasting elicits different responses in terms of anthropometric, physiological, and performance outcomes. The findings are considered to provide useful information regarding 3x3 basketball players.

Keywords

3x3 Basketball , Anaerobic Capacity , Aerobic Capacity , Ramadan Fasting

References

• Erčulj F, Vidic M, Leskošek B. Shooting efficiency and structure of shooting in 3 × 3 basketball compared to 5v5 basketball. Int J Sports Sci Coach 2020;15(1):91-8.
• Madarame H. Age and Sex Differences in Shot Distribution and Accuracy in International 3x3 Basketball Tournaments. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2023;12(1):11-6.
• Raisa I. Andrianova, Eduardo Guimarães, Dmitrii V. Fedoseev, Milan Isakov. Specific features of 3×3 basketball: factor analysis of the key performance indicators and their impact on game performance in the elite leagues . Journal of Physical Education and Sport 2022;22(10):2575-81.
• Mikołajec K, Gabryś T, Gryko K, Prończuk M, Krzysztofik M, Trybek G, et al. Relationship among the Change of Direction Ability, Sprinting, Jumping Performance, Aerobic Power and Anaerobic Speed Reserve: A Cross-Sectional Study in Elite 3x3 Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2023;85(1):105-13.
• Figueira B, Mateus N, Esteves P, Dadelienė R, Paulauskas R. Physiological Responses and Technical-Tactical Performance of Youth Basketball Players: A Brief Comparison between 3x3 and 5x5 Basketball. J Sports Sci Med 2022;332-40.
• Conte D, Straigis E, Clemente FM, Gómez MÁ, Tessitore A. Performance profile and game-related statistics of FIBA 3x3 Basketball World Cup 2017. Biol Sport 2019;36(2):149-54.
• Abaïdia AE, Daab W, Bouzid MA. Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine 2020;50(5):1009-26.
• Bar-Or O. The Wingate Anaerobic Test An Update on Methodology, Reliability and Validity. Vol. 4, Leading Article Sports Medicine. 1987.
• Anis C, Leiper JB, Nizar S, Coutts AJ, Karim C. Effects of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Sports Performance and Training: A Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2009;4(4):419-34.
• Marie M. Nutrition for Sport, Exercise, and Health Spano Marie. Human Kinetics; 2017.
• Zerguini Y, Kirkendall D, Junge A, Dvorak J. Impact of Ramadan on physical performance in professional soccer players. Br J Sports Med 2007;41(6):398-400.
• Cabarkapa D, Aleksic J, Krsman D, Cabarkapa D V., Philipp NM, Fry AC. The impact of simulated 3x3 tournament on vertical jump force-time metrics in national team male basketball players. Front Physiol. 2024 Sep 11;15.
• Bouhlel E, Salhi Z, Bouhlel H, Mdella S, Amamou A, Zaouali M, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on fuel oxidation during exercise in trained male rugby players. Diabetes Metab 2006;32(6):617-24.
• Aziz AR, Wahid MF, Png W, Jesuvadian C V. Effects of Ramadan fasting on 60 min of endurance running performance in moderately trained men. Br J Sports Med 2010;44(7):516-21.
• Love J, Selker R, Marsman M, Jamil T, Dropmann D, Verhagen J, et al. JASP: Graphical Statistical Software for Common Statistical Designs. J Stat Softw 2019;88(2).
• Kyle U. Bioelectrical impedan ce analysis?part I: review of principles and methods. Clinical Nutrition. 2004 Oct;23(5):1226-43.
• Kushner R, Schoeller D. Estimation of total body water by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;44(3):417-24.
• Lukaski HC, Piccoli A. Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis for Assessment of Hydration in Physiological States and Clinical Conditions. In: Handbook of Anthropometry. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2012. p. 287-305.
• Bar-Or O. The Wingate anaerobic test: An update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Med 1987;4(6):381-94.
• Genc S, Manci E, Guducu C, Gunay E. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) interventions at different loads may enhance sprint performance in well-trained athletes. Turk J Sports Med 2024;59(3):88-93.
• Markovic G, Dizdar D, Jukic I, Cardinale M. Reliability and Factorial Validity of Squat and Countermovement Jump Tests. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2004;18(3):551.
• Cabarkapa D, Johnson QR, Aleksic J, Cabarkapa D V., Philipp NM, Sekulic M, et al. Comparison of vertical jump and sprint performances between 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 elite professional male basketball players. Front Sports Act Living 2024;6:1394739.
• Harman EA, Rosenstein MT, Frykman PN, Rosenstein RM, Kraemer WJ. Estimation of Human Power Output from Vertical Jump. J Strength Cond Res 1991;5(3):116-20.
• Buchheit M. The 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test: Accuracy for Individualizing Interval Training of Young Intermittent Sport Players. J Strength Cond Res 2008;22(2):365-74.
• Aziz AR, Wahid MF, Png W, Jesuvadian C V. Effects of Ramadan fasting on 60 min of endurance running performance in moderately trained men. Br J Sports Med 2010;44(7):516-21.
• Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge; 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
• Love J, Selker R, Marsman M, Jamil T, Dropmann D, Verhagen J, et al. JASP: Graphical statistical software for common statistical designs. J Stat Softw. 2019;88(1).
• Bouhlel E, Salhi Z, Bouhlel H, Mdella S, Amamou A, Zaouali M, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on fuel oxidation during exercise in trained male rugby players. Diabetes Metab 2006;32(6):617-24.
• Mougios V. Exercise Biochemistry. Mougios V, editor. Human Kinetics; 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492595496
• Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, Camera DM, West DWD, Broad EM, et al. Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol. 2013 May 5;591(9):2319-31.
• Tipton KD. Protein for adaptations to exercise training. Eur J Sport Sci 2008;8(2):107-18.
• Aziz AR, Wahid MF, Png W, Jesuvadian C V. Effects of Ramadan fasting on 60 min of endurance running performance in moderately trained men. Br J Sports Med 2010;44(7):516-21.
• Hansen AK, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Andersen JL, Saltin B, Pedersen BK. Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs. training once daily. J Appl Physiol 2005;98(1):93-9.
• Van Proeyen K, Szlufcik K, Nielens H, Pelgrim K, Deldicque L, Hesselink M, et al. Training in the fasted state improves glucose tolerance during fat-rich diet. J Physiol 2010;588(21):4289-302. Stannard SR, Thompson MW. The effect of participation in Ramadan on substrate selection during submaximal cycling exercise. J Sci Med Sport 2008;11(5):510-7.
• Bartlett JD, Hawley JA, Morton JP. Carbohydrate availability and exercise training adaptation: Too much of a good thing? Eur J Sport Sci 2015;15(1):3-12.
• Stannard SR, Thompson MW. The effect of participation in Ramadan on substrate selection during submaximal cycling exercise. J Sci Med Sport 2008;11(5):510-7.
• Cabarkapa D, Aleksic J, Krsman D, Cabarkapa D V., Philipp NM, Fry AC. The impact of simulated 3x3 tournament on vertical jump force-time metrics in national team male basketball players. Front Physiol 202411;15.
• Chaouachi A, Leiper JB, Chtourou H, Aziz AR, Chamari K. The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on athletic performance: Recommendations for the maintenance of physical fitness. J Sports Sci 2012;30(sup1):S53-73.