GENDER EARNINGS GAP IN URBAN PAKISTAN: EVIDENCE FROM ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES AND QUANTILE REGRESSIONS

Liaqat Ali; Naveed Akhtar

doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2016321972

Research Article

Year 2016, , 274 - 293, 30.09.2016

Liaqat Ali Naveed Akhtar

https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2016321972

Abstract

References

Afzal, M., Malik, M. E., Begum, I., Sarwar, K., & Fatima, H. (2011). Relationship among Education, Poverty and Economic Growth in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis. Journal of Elementary Education, Vol.22, No. 1 pp.23-45.
Ali, L. (2007). Returns to Education in Pakistan. Master of Philosophy in Economics Dissertation, International Islamic University (IIU), Islamabad, Pakistan, Islamabad.
Ali, L., & Akhtar, N. (2014). An Analysis of the Gender Earning Differentials in Pakistan. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. Volume 7, Issue 13, April 2014
Ashraf, B. (2001). An Intertemporal Comparison of the Gender-Wage Gap in Pakistan and a Comparison with Other Countries. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, University of Karachi, Karachi.
Ashraf, J., & Ashraf, B. (1993). An Analysis of the Male-Female Earnings Differentials in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review 32 : 4 Part-II (Winter 1993) pp. 895–904.
Aslam, M. (2005). Rates of Return to Education by Gender in Pakistan. Global Poverty Research Group, GPRG-WPS-064.
Bauer, J., Feng, W., Riley, N. E., & Xiaohua, Z. (1992). Gender Inequality in Urban China: Education and Employment. Modem China, Vol. 18, No. 3. (Jul., 1992), pp. 333-370.
Bertocchi, G., & Bozzano, M. (2014). Family Structure and the Education Gender Gap: Evidence from Italian Provinces. DEMB Working Paper Series N. 36, July 2014.
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2007). The Gender Pay Gap: Have Women Gone as Far as They Can? Academy of Management Perspectives, 2007, pp 7-23.
Boraas, S., & Rodgers, W. M. (2003). How does gender play a role in the earnings gap? an update. Monthly Labor Review, March 2003, pp 9-15.
Brown, P. (2003). The Opportunity Trap: Education and Employment in a global economy. European Educational Research Journal, Volume 2, Number 1, 2003.
Cade, B. S., & Noon, B. R. (2003). A Gentle Introduction to Quantile Regression for Ecologists. Front Ecol Environ 2003; 1(8): 412–420.
Chzhen, Y., & Mumford, K. (2010). Gender Gaps across The Earnings Distribution For Full-Time Employees in Britain: Allowing For Sample Selection. Online article accessed on 05-11-2014 from the link: .
Coad, A., & Rao, R. (2007). Innovation and Firm Growth in High-Tech Sectors: A Quantile Regression Approach. LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2006/18.
Dougherty, S., & Herd, R. (2008). Improving Human Capital Formation in India. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 625, , OECD Publishing. Avaiable on the link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/241005853765. doi: 10.1787/241005853765
Emran, M. S., & Shilpi, F. (2014). Gender, Geography and Generations: Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India. MPRA Paper No. 58316, September 2014 URL: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58316/. Accessed on 23-11-2014
Fattouh, B., Scaramozzino, P., & Harris, L. (2001). Capital Structure in South Korea: A Quantile Regression Approach. Centre for Financial and Management Studies at SOAS, the University of London, Discussion Paper August 2001. Accessed from the link http://www.cefims.ac.uk/documents/research-12.pdf on 31-12-2014.
Finance, M. o. (2014). Pakistan Economic Survey, 2013-14. Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Chapter 10, Education, pp 147-165
Gornick, J. C., & Jacobs, J. A. (1998). Gender, the Welfare State, and Public Employment: A Comparative Study of Seven Industrialized Countries. American Sociological Review, Vol. 63, No. 5 (Oct., 1998), 688-710.
Grajek, M. (2001). Gender Pay Gap in Poland. WZB Discussion Paper, No. FS IV 01-13, URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/50954.
Guichard, S., & Larre, B. (2006). Enhancing Portugal's Human Capital. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 505, , OECD Publishing. Available on the link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/871641300584. doi:10.1787/871641300584
Harkness, S. (1996). The Gender Earnings Gap: Evidence from the UK. Fiscal Studies (1996) Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 1-36.
Jehan, Q. (2000). Role of Women in Economic Development of Pakistan. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
Jung, S. (2014). "The Gender Wage Gap and Sample Selection via Risk Attitudes". Thema Working Paper No. 2014-25, Université de Cergy Pontoise, France, October, 2014.
Kingdon, G. G. (2001). The gender gap in educational attainment in India: How much can be explained? Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UQ, August, 2001.
Koenker, R., & Hallock, K. F. (2001). Quantile Regression. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), 143-156.
Malhotra, A., Pande, R., & Grown, C. (2003). Impact of Investments in Female Education on Gender Equality International Center for Research on Women, Working Paper, August 2003
Martins, P. S., & Pereira, P. T. (2004). Does Education Reduce Wage Inequality? Quantile Regression Evidence from 16 Countries. Labour Economics 11 (2004) 355– 371. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2003.05.003
Melly, B. (2002). Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials in Germany: Evidence From Quantile Regression. An online article accessed from the link file:///C:/Users/Dell1/Downloads/2002.pdf on 31-12-2014.
MOF. (2014). Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14. Islamabad: Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan.
Montenegro, C. E., & Patrinos, H. A. (2014). Comparable Estimates of Returns to Schooling Around the World. World Bank Education Global Practice Group, Policy Research Working Paper 7020, September 2014.
Nasir, Z. M. (1998). Determinants of Personal Earnings in Pakistan: Findings from the Labour Force Survey 1993-94. The Pakistan Development Review 37 : 3 (Autumn 1998) pp. 251–274.
Nasir, Z. M. (2005). An Analysis of Occupational Choice in Pakistan: A Multinomial Approach. The Pakistan Development Review 44 : 1 (Spring 2005) pp. 57–79.
Pastore, F., Sattar, S., & Tiongson, E. R. (2013). Gender Differences in Earnings and Labor Supply in Early Career: Evidence from Kosovo’s School-to-Work Transition Survey. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 2013.
PBS. (2011). Household Integrated Economic Survey 2010-11. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. Accessed from the link: http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/pslm/publications/hies10_11/complete_report.pdf on 31-122014.
PBS. (2014a). Pakistan Employment Trends 2013. Islamabad: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS), Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan.
PBS. (2014b). Pakistan Social & Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS), Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. Accessed from the link: http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/pakistan-social-and-living-standardsmeasurement accessed on 31-12-2014.
Pham, T.-H., & Reilly, B. (2007). The Gender Pay Gap in Vietnam, 1993-2002: A Quantile Regression Approach. MPRA Paper No. 6475, posted 29. December 2007 07:09 UTC. Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6475/.
Polachek, S. W., & Xiang, J. (2014). The Gender Pay Gap Across Countries: A Human Capital Approach. IZA DP No. 8603, October 2014.
Psacharopoulos, G. (1985). Returns to Education: A Further International Update and Implications. The Journal of Human Resources, Volume XX, No. 4, pp 583-604.
Qureshi, M. G. (2012). The Gender Differences in School Enrolment and Returns to Education in Pakistan. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, PIDE Working Papers 2012: 84.
Rice, P. (1999). Gender Earnings Differentials: The European Experience. The World Bank, Policy Research Report on Gender and Development Working Paper Series No.8.
Sarwar, F., Fakher, A., Ali, S., & Mudassar, K. (2013). Human Capital, Population and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Approach. Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences Vol. 3, No.10; October 2013.
Siddiqui, R. (2007). Modeling Gender Dimensions of the Impact of Economic Reforms in Pakistan. Poverty and Economic Policy Research Network, MPIA Working Paper 2007:13.
Siddiqui, R., & Siddiqui, R. (1998). A Decomposition of Male-Female Earnings Differentials. The Pakistan Development Review 37 : 4 Part II (Winter 1998) pp. 37:4, 885–898.
Son, H. H. (2010). Human Capital Development. Asian Development Bank (ADB) Economics Working Paper Series No. 225, Manila, Philippines., URL: www.adb.org/economics.
Su, B., & Heshmati, A. (2013). Analysis of the Determinants of Income and Income Gap between Urban and Rural China. IZA Discussion Paper Series, Discussion Paper No. 7162 January 2013.
Taniguchi, K., & Tuwo, A. (2014). New Evidence on the Gender Wage Gap in Indonesia. Asian Development Bank (ADB) Economics Working Paper Series, No. 404, 2014.
UN. (2016). An online content accessed from the link http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/gender-equality/ on 17-05-2016
UN. (2014). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014. United Nations, New York, 2014.
UNDP (2016). An online content accessed from the link http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/post-2015/sdg-overview.html on 17-05-2016
UNDP. (2015). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Pakistan Annual Report, 2015.
UNDP. (2014a). Fast Facts: Gender Equality and UNDP. United Nations Development Programme, New York, February, 2014.
UNDP. (2014b). Gender Equality Strategy 2014-17. United Nations Development Programme, New York, 2014.
Vassil, K., Eamets, R., & Mõtsmees, P. (2014). Socio-demographic Model of Gender Gap in Expected and Actual Wages in Estonia. IZA DP No. 8604, October 2014.
Weichselbaumer, D., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2003). A Meta-Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap, . IZA Discussion paper series, No. 906 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/20143.
Willis, R. J. (1986). Wage Determinants: A Survey and Reinterpretation of Human Capital Earnings Functions. In O. Ashenfelter & R. Layard (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. L, pp. 525-602): Elsevier Science Publishers BV.
Wu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2009). Variable Selection in Quantile Regression. Statistica Sinica 19 (2009), pp. 801-817.
Yamauchi, F. (2010). Human Capital Formation: History, Expectations, and Challenges in South Africa. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C. U.S.A. URL: www.ifpri.org DOI: 10.2499/9780896291805.
Yu, K., Lu, Z., & Stander, J. (2003). Quantile Regression: Applications and Current Research Areas. The Statistician (2003) 52, Part 3, pp. 331350.

GENDER EARNINGS GAP IN URBAN PAKISTAN: EVIDENCE FROM ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES AND QUANTILE REGRESSIONS

Year 2016, , 274 - 293, 30.09.2016

Liaqat Ali Naveed Akhtar

https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2016321972

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to analyze the gender
earning gaps existing in urban areas of Pakistan using data from a household
survey. The earning functions have been estimated separately for males and
females using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) as well as quantile regressions
including education, literacy, experience, employment related variables such as
type of industry and occupation and age as explanatory variables. The earning
gaps between males and females have also been analyzed using the Blinder-Oaxaca
decomposition method. Results suggest higher mean earnings for males as
compared to females but higher incremental returns to investment in human
capital for females at all levels of education. Further, higher returns to
schooling have also been noted in bottom part of the income distribution i.e. 5^th&
25^th quantiles for workers of both sexes as compared to those
present in the top of the distribution i.e. 75^th& 95^th
quantiles at all educational levels. Education, industry of employment and
occupations has been emerged as the main determinants of income gap between
male and female workers in urban Pakistan.

Keywords

Education, employment, gender earnings gap, quantile regression, Pakistan

References

Afzal, M., Malik, M. E., Begum, I., Sarwar, K., & Fatima, H. (2011). Relationship among Education, Poverty and Economic Growth in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis. Journal of Elementary Education, Vol.22, No. 1 pp.23-45.
Ali, L. (2007). Returns to Education in Pakistan. Master of Philosophy in Economics Dissertation, International Islamic University (IIU), Islamabad, Pakistan, Islamabad.
Ali, L., & Akhtar, N. (2014). An Analysis of the Gender Earning Differentials in Pakistan. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. Volume 7, Issue 13, April 2014
Ashraf, B. (2001). An Intertemporal Comparison of the Gender-Wage Gap in Pakistan and a Comparison with Other Countries. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, University of Karachi, Karachi.
Ashraf, J., & Ashraf, B. (1993). An Analysis of the Male-Female Earnings Differentials in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review 32 : 4 Part-II (Winter 1993) pp. 895–904.
Aslam, M. (2005). Rates of Return to Education by Gender in Pakistan. Global Poverty Research Group, GPRG-WPS-064.
Bauer, J., Feng, W., Riley, N. E., & Xiaohua, Z. (1992). Gender Inequality in Urban China: Education and Employment. Modem China, Vol. 18, No. 3. (Jul., 1992), pp. 333-370.
Bertocchi, G., & Bozzano, M. (2014). Family Structure and the Education Gender Gap: Evidence from Italian Provinces. DEMB Working Paper Series N. 36, July 2014.
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2007). The Gender Pay Gap: Have Women Gone as Far as They Can? Academy of Management Perspectives, 2007, pp 7-23.
Boraas, S., & Rodgers, W. M. (2003). How does gender play a role in the earnings gap? an update. Monthly Labor Review, March 2003, pp 9-15.
Brown, P. (2003). The Opportunity Trap: Education and Employment in a global economy. European Educational Research Journal, Volume 2, Number 1, 2003.
Cade, B. S., & Noon, B. R. (2003). A Gentle Introduction to Quantile Regression for Ecologists. Front Ecol Environ 2003; 1(8): 412–420.
Chzhen, Y., & Mumford, K. (2010). Gender Gaps across The Earnings Distribution For Full-Time Employees in Britain: Allowing For Sample Selection. Online article accessed on 05-11-2014 from the link: .
Coad, A., & Rao, R. (2007). Innovation and Firm Growth in High-Tech Sectors: A Quantile Regression Approach. LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2006/18.
Dougherty, S., & Herd, R. (2008). Improving Human Capital Formation in India. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 625, , OECD Publishing. Avaiable on the link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/241005853765. doi: 10.1787/241005853765
Emran, M. S., & Shilpi, F. (2014). Gender, Geography and Generations: Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Post-reform India. MPRA Paper No. 58316, September 2014 URL: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58316/. Accessed on 23-11-2014
Fattouh, B., Scaramozzino, P., & Harris, L. (2001). Capital Structure in South Korea: A Quantile Regression Approach. Centre for Financial and Management Studies at SOAS, the University of London, Discussion Paper August 2001. Accessed from the link http://www.cefims.ac.uk/documents/research-12.pdf on 31-12-2014.
Finance, M. o. (2014). Pakistan Economic Survey, 2013-14. Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Chapter 10, Education, pp 147-165
Gornick, J. C., & Jacobs, J. A. (1998). Gender, the Welfare State, and Public Employment: A Comparative Study of Seven Industrialized Countries. American Sociological Review, Vol. 63, No. 5 (Oct., 1998), 688-710.
Grajek, M. (2001). Gender Pay Gap in Poland. WZB Discussion Paper, No. FS IV 01-13, URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/50954.
Guichard, S., & Larre, B. (2006). Enhancing Portugal's Human Capital. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 505, , OECD Publishing. Available on the link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/871641300584. doi:10.1787/871641300584
Harkness, S. (1996). The Gender Earnings Gap: Evidence from the UK. Fiscal Studies (1996) Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 1-36.
Jehan, Q. (2000). Role of Women in Economic Development of Pakistan. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
Jung, S. (2014). "The Gender Wage Gap and Sample Selection via Risk Attitudes". Thema Working Paper No. 2014-25, Université de Cergy Pontoise, France, October, 2014.
Kingdon, G. G. (2001). The gender gap in educational attainment in India: How much can be explained? Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UQ, August, 2001.
Koenker, R., & Hallock, K. F. (2001). Quantile Regression. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), 143-156.
Malhotra, A., Pande, R., & Grown, C. (2003). Impact of Investments in Female Education on Gender Equality International Center for Research on Women, Working Paper, August 2003
Martins, P. S., & Pereira, P. T. (2004). Does Education Reduce Wage Inequality? Quantile Regression Evidence from 16 Countries. Labour Economics 11 (2004) 355– 371. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2003.05.003
Melly, B. (2002). Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials in Germany: Evidence From Quantile Regression. An online article accessed from the link file:///C:/Users/Dell1/Downloads/2002.pdf on 31-12-2014.
MOF. (2014). Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14. Islamabad: Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan.
Montenegro, C. E., & Patrinos, H. A. (2014). Comparable Estimates of Returns to Schooling Around the World. World Bank Education Global Practice Group, Policy Research Working Paper 7020, September 2014.
Nasir, Z. M. (1998). Determinants of Personal Earnings in Pakistan: Findings from the Labour Force Survey 1993-94. The Pakistan Development Review 37 : 3 (Autumn 1998) pp. 251–274.
Nasir, Z. M. (2005). An Analysis of Occupational Choice in Pakistan: A Multinomial Approach. The Pakistan Development Review 44 : 1 (Spring 2005) pp. 57–79.
Pastore, F., Sattar, S., & Tiongson, E. R. (2013). Gender Differences in Earnings and Labor Supply in Early Career: Evidence from Kosovo’s School-to-Work Transition Survey. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 2013.
PBS. (2011). Household Integrated Economic Survey 2010-11. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. Accessed from the link: http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/pslm/publications/hies10_11/complete_report.pdf on 31-122014.
PBS. (2014a). Pakistan Employment Trends 2013. Islamabad: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS), Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan.
PBS. (2014b). Pakistan Social & Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS), Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. Accessed from the link: http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/pakistan-social-and-living-standardsmeasurement accessed on 31-12-2014.
Pham, T.-H., & Reilly, B. (2007). The Gender Pay Gap in Vietnam, 1993-2002: A Quantile Regression Approach. MPRA Paper No. 6475, posted 29. December 2007 07:09 UTC. Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6475/.
Polachek, S. W., & Xiang, J. (2014). The Gender Pay Gap Across Countries: A Human Capital Approach. IZA DP No. 8603, October 2014.
Psacharopoulos, G. (1985). Returns to Education: A Further International Update and Implications. The Journal of Human Resources, Volume XX, No. 4, pp 583-604.
Qureshi, M. G. (2012). The Gender Differences in School Enrolment and Returns to Education in Pakistan. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, PIDE Working Papers 2012: 84.
Rice, P. (1999). Gender Earnings Differentials: The European Experience. The World Bank, Policy Research Report on Gender and Development Working Paper Series No.8.
Sarwar, F., Fakher, A., Ali, S., & Mudassar, K. (2013). Human Capital, Population and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Approach. Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences Vol. 3, No.10; October 2013.
Siddiqui, R. (2007). Modeling Gender Dimensions of the Impact of Economic Reforms in Pakistan. Poverty and Economic Policy Research Network, MPIA Working Paper 2007:13.
Siddiqui, R., & Siddiqui, R. (1998). A Decomposition of Male-Female Earnings Differentials. The Pakistan Development Review 37 : 4 Part II (Winter 1998) pp. 37:4, 885–898.
Son, H. H. (2010). Human Capital Development. Asian Development Bank (ADB) Economics Working Paper Series No. 225, Manila, Philippines., URL: www.adb.org/economics.
Su, B., & Heshmati, A. (2013). Analysis of the Determinants of Income and Income Gap between Urban and Rural China. IZA Discussion Paper Series, Discussion Paper No. 7162 January 2013.
Taniguchi, K., & Tuwo, A. (2014). New Evidence on the Gender Wage Gap in Indonesia. Asian Development Bank (ADB) Economics Working Paper Series, No. 404, 2014.
UN. (2016). An online content accessed from the link http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/gender-equality/ on 17-05-2016
UN. (2014). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014. United Nations, New York, 2014.
UNDP (2016). An online content accessed from the link http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/post-2015/sdg-overview.html on 17-05-2016
UNDP. (2015). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Pakistan Annual Report, 2015.
UNDP. (2014a). Fast Facts: Gender Equality and UNDP. United Nations Development Programme, New York, February, 2014.
UNDP. (2014b). Gender Equality Strategy 2014-17. United Nations Development Programme, New York, 2014.
Vassil, K., Eamets, R., & Mõtsmees, P. (2014). Socio-demographic Model of Gender Gap in Expected and Actual Wages in Estonia. IZA DP No. 8604, October 2014.
Weichselbaumer, D., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2003). A Meta-Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap, . IZA Discussion paper series, No. 906 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/20143.
Willis, R. J. (1986). Wage Determinants: A Survey and Reinterpretation of Human Capital Earnings Functions. In O. Ashenfelter & R. Layard (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. L, pp. 525-602): Elsevier Science Publishers BV.
Wu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2009). Variable Selection in Quantile Regression. Statistica Sinica 19 (2009), pp. 801-817.
Yamauchi, F. (2010). Human Capital Formation: History, Expectations, and Challenges in South Africa. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C. U.S.A. URL: www.ifpri.org DOI: 10.2499/9780896291805.
Yu, K., Lu, Z., & Stander, J. (2003). Quantile Regression: Applications and Current Research Areas. The Statistician (2003) 52, Part 3, pp. 331350.

There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Liaqat Ali This is me Naveed Akhtar This is me
Publication Date	September 30, 2016
Published in Issue	Year 2016

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APA	Ali, L., & Akhtar, N. (2016). GENDER EARNINGS GAP IN URBAN PAKISTAN: EVIDENCE FROM ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES AND QUANTILE REGRESSIONS. Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 5(3), 274-293. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2016321972

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