A review of production techniques, classifications, material gradation rules, and industrial applications of functionally graded materials

Atteshamuddin Sayyad; Harshada Wagh

A review of production techniques, classifications, material gradation rules, and industrial applications of functionally graded materials

Abstract

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advanced composite materials, which greatly improve over fibrous composite materials often subjected to delamination type of failure. The material properties of FGMs vary gradually in single or multiple directions. FGM consists of two or more materials whose combination enables the achievement of specified properties by the desired applications. The article focused on a review of various manufacturing/fabrication methods of FGMs, material gradation rules of FGMs and various industrial applications of FGMs. The literature on the classification of FGMs according to types of gradients, sizes or scales, state of matter, etc. is reviewed and discussed. Along with this, the literature on fabrication methods such as gas-based, liquid-based and solid-based is also reviewed and discussed. Finally, the literature on various industrial applications of the FGMs is reviewed and discussed.

Keywords

References

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Sayyad, A. S., & Ghugal, Y. M. (2018). Bending, buckling and free vibration responses of hyperbolic shear deformable FGM beams. Mechanics of Advanced Composite Structures, 5, 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22075/macs.2018.12214.1117
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Sayyad, A. S., & Ghugal, Y. M. (2019). A sinusoidal beam theory for functionally graded sandwich curved beams. Composite Structures, 226, 111246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111246
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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Composite and Hybrid Materials

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Atteshamuddin Sayyad ^*
0000-0002-3702-4167
India

Harshada Wagh This is me
0000-0000-0000-0000
India

Publication Date

February 20, 2026

Submission Date

September 19, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 3, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA44NH42UX

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Sayyad, A., & Wagh, H. (2026). A review of production techniques, classifications, material gradation rules, and industrial applications of functionally graded materials. Journal of Ceramics and Composites, 2(1), 23-57. https://izlik.org/JA44NH42UX

AMA

1.Sayyad A, Wagh H. A review of production techniques, classifications, material gradation rules, and industrial applications of functionally graded materials. jcc. 2026;2(1):23-57. https://izlik.org/JA44NH42UX

Chicago

Sayyad, Atteshamuddin, and Harshada Wagh. 2026. “A Review of Production Techniques, Classifications, Material Gradation Rules, and Industrial Applications of Functionally Graded Materials”. Journal of Ceramics and Composites 2 (1): 23-57. https://izlik.org/JA44NH42UX.

EndNote

Sayyad A, Wagh H (February 1, 2026) A review of production techniques, classifications, material gradation rules, and industrial applications of functionally graded materials. Journal of Ceramics and Composites 2 1 23–57.

IEEE

[1]A. Sayyad and H. Wagh, “A review of production techniques, classifications, material gradation rules, and industrial applications of functionally graded materials”, jcc, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 23–57, Feb. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA44NH42UX

ISNAD

Sayyad, Atteshamuddin - Wagh, Harshada. “A Review of Production Techniques, Classifications, Material Gradation Rules, and Industrial Applications of Functionally Graded Materials”. Journal of Ceramics and Composites 2/1 (February 1, 2026): 23-57. https://izlik.org/JA44NH42UX.

JAMA

1.Sayyad A, Wagh H. A review of production techniques, classifications, material gradation rules, and industrial applications of functionally graded materials. jcc. 2026;2:23–57.

MLA

Sayyad, Atteshamuddin, and Harshada Wagh. “A Review of Production Techniques, Classifications, Material Gradation Rules, and Industrial Applications of Functionally Graded Materials”. Journal of Ceramics and Composites, vol. 2, no. 1, Feb. 2026, pp. 23-57, https://izlik.org/JA44NH42UX.

Vancouver

1.Atteshamuddin Sayyad, Harshada Wagh. A review of production techniques, classifications, material gradation rules, and industrial applications of functionally graded materials. jcc [Internet]. 2026 Feb. 1;2(1):23-57. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA44NH42UX