Review
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2016, , 119 - 123, 01.03.2016
https://doi.org/10.5799/jcei.328705

Abstract

References

  • 1. Williams GR. Neurodevelopmental and neurophysiological actions of thyroid hormone. J Neuroendocrinol 2008;20:784-794.
  • 2. Auso E, Lavado-Autric R, Cuevas E, et al. A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration. Endocrinology 2004; 145:4037-4047.
  • 3. The American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Thyroid Disease During Pregnacy and Postpartum. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy and Postpartum. Tyhroid 2011;21:1081-1125.
  • 4. Yamamoto T, Amino N, Tanizawa O, et al. Longitudinal study of serum thyroid hormones, chorionic gonadotrophin and thyrotrophin during and after normal pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).1979;10:459-468.
  • 5. Azizi F, Delshad H. Thyroid Derangements in Pregnancy. IJEM. 2014;15:491-508.
  • 6. Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Williams Obstetrics. 23 rd Ed. McGrraw-Hill Companies;2010.
  • 7. Negro R, Formoso G, Mangieri T, et al. Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2587-2591.
  • 8. Delshad H, Azizi F. Thyroid and pregnancy. J Med Council Iran. 2008;26;392-408.
  • 9. Negro R, Mestman JH. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;25:927-943.
  • 10. Klein RZ, Haddow JE, Faix JD, et al. Prevalence of thyroid deficiency in pregnant women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991;35:41-46.
  • 11. Vaidya B, Anthony S, Bilous M, et al. Detection of thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy: universal screening or targeted high-risk case finding? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:203-207.
  • 12. Bostancı MS, Taşkesen F. Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and evaluation of its results. J Clinical and experimental investigations. J Clin Exp Invest 2011;2;196-201.
  • 13. Cignini P, Cafa EV, Giorlandino C, et al. Thyroid pysiology and common disease in pregnancy: review of literatüre. J Prenat Med 2012;6:64-71.
  • 14. Moleti M, Lo Presti VP, Mattina F, et al. Gestational thyroid function abnormalities in conditions of mild iodine deficiency: early screening versus continuous monitoring of maternal thyroid status. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:611- 617.
  • 15. Wilson KL, Casey BM, Mclntire DD, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease and the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119:315-320.
  • 16. Sahu MT, Das V, Mittal S, et al. Overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction among Indian pregnant women and its effect on maternal and fetal outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010;281:215-220.
  • 17. Cleary-Goldman J, Malone FD, Lambert-Messerlian G, et al. Maternal thyroid hypofunction and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:85-92.
  • 18. Dorota A. Krajewski, Kenneth D. Burman. Thyroid disorders in pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2011;40:739-763.
  • 19. Banerjee S. Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy. JAPI. 2011;59:32-34.
  • 20. Glinoer D, Spencer CA. Serum TSH determinations in pregnancy: How, when and why? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010;6:526-529.
  • 21. Hirsch D, Levy S, Nadler V, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with severe hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;169:313-320.
  • 22. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med 1999;341:549-555.
  • 23. El Baba KA, Azar ST. Thyroid function in pregnancy. Br Med Bul 2012;5:227-230.
  • 24. Stagnaro-Green A. Thyroid antibodies and miscarriage: where are we at a generation later? J Thyroid Res 2011;2011:841949.
  • 25. Kooistra L, Crawford S, van Baar AL, et al. Neonatal effects of maternal hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy. Pediatrics 2006;117:161-167.
  • 26. Ghorbani Behrooz H, Tohidi M, Mehrabi Y, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidisim in pregnancy: Intellectual development of offspring. Thyroid 2012:1143-1147.
  • 27. Abalovich M, Amino N, Barbour LA, et. Al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(Suppl 8):S1-47.
  • 28. Alexande EK, Marqusee E, Lawrence J, et al. Timing and magnitude of increases in levothyroxine requirements during pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 2004;351:241-249.
  • 29. Loh JA, Wartofsky L, Jonklaas J, et al. The magnitude of increased levothyroxine requirements in hypothyroid pregnant women depends upon the etiology of the hypothyroidism. Tyroid 2009;19:269-275.
  • 30. Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Guxens M, Mendez M, et al. Iodine levels and thyroid hormones in healthy pregnant women and birth weight of their offspring. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:423-429.
  • 31. Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, et al. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr 2007;10(12A):1606-1611.
  • 32. Glinoer D. The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocr Rev 1997;18:404-433.
  • 33. Lazarus J. Pregnancy and thyroid diseases. Paper presented at: The 14th International Thyroid Congress. Paris, September 11-16, 2010.
  • 34. Goodwin TM, Montoro M, Mestman JH, et al. The rol of chorionic gonadotropinin transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1333- 1337.
  • 35. Glinoer D. The thyroid in pregnancy: the European perspective. Thyroid Today 1995:18:1-11.
  • 36. Luewan S, Chakkabut P, Tongsong T. Outcomes of pregnancy complicated with hyperthyroidism: a cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011:283:243-247.
  • 37. Pillar N, Levy A, Holcberg G, et al. Pregnancy and perinatal outcome in women with hyperthyroidism. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010;108:61-64.
  • 38. Anselmo J, Cao D, Karrison T, et al. Fetal loss associated with excess thyroid hormone exposure. JAMA 2004;292:691-695.
  • 39. Casey BM, Dashe JS, Wells CE, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107(2 Pt 1):337-341.
  • 40. Clementi M, Di Gianantonio E, Pelo E, et al. Methimazole embriopathy: delineation of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet 1999 83:43-46.
  • 41. Bournaud C, Orgiazzi J. Antithyroid agents and embryopathies. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2003;64:366-369.
  • 42. Wolf D, Foulds N, Daya H. Antenatal carbimazole and choanal atresia: a new embryopathy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;132:1009-1011.
  • 43. Rivkees SA, Szarfman A. Dissimilar hepatotoxicity profiles of propylthiouracil and methimazole in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:3260-3267.
  • 44. Papendieck P, Chiesa A, Prieto L, et al. Thyroid disorders of neonates born to mothers with graves disease. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009;22:547-553.
  • 45. McKenzie JM, Zakarija M. Fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH receptor antibodies. Thyroid 1992;2:155-159.
  • 46. Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, et al. Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:2165-2172.
  • 47. Hegedus L. Clinical practice. The thyroid nodüle. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1764-1771.
  • 48. Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocr Pract 2010;16(Suppl 1):1-43.
  • 49. Kung AW, Chau MT, Lao TT, et al. The effect of pregnancy on thyroid nodule formation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1010-1014.
  • 50. Burch HB. Evaluation and management of the solid thyroid nodüle. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1995;24:663- 710.
  • 51. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. Management guidelines for patients with nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006;16:109-142.
  • 52. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009;19:1167-1214.
  • 53. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2010 (portal en internet). National Cancer Institute.Bethesda, MD. Updated November 2012 [viewed April 2013]. Available from: http:// seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975-2010/
  • 54. Smith LH, Danielsen B, Allen ME, Cress R. Cancer associated with obstetric delivery: results of linkage with the California cancer registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1128-1135.

Thyroid Diseases and Treatment in Pregnancy

Year 2016, , 119 - 123, 01.03.2016
https://doi.org/10.5799/jcei.328705

Abstract

Assessment of thyroid disease in pregnancy is important for gestational maternal health, obstetric outcome and, subsequent
development of child. Pregnancy has profound effects on the regulation of thyroid function, and on thyroidal
functional disorders, that need to be recognized, carefully evaluated and correctly managed. In women with normal
thyroid function there is an increase in thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) production and inhibition of thyroidstimulating
hormone (TSH) in the first trimester of pregnancy,. In the pregnant woman, elevated thyroxine-binding
globulin (TGB) and concomitant increases in total T4 and T3 levels plateau at 12-14 weeks of pregnancy, and free T4
measurements slowly decrease. The most frequent thyroid disorder in pregnancy is maternal hypothyroidism. It is associated
with fetal loss, placental abruptions, preeclampsia, preterm delivery and reduced intellectual function in the
offspring. Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is relatively uncommon, with a prevalence estimated to range between
0.1% and 1%. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves disease, as this etiology accounts for 85% of clinical
hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Another cause of hyperthyroidism is hyperemesis gravidarum. This is common and
requires differentiation from Graves disease. There has been much discussion and many publications on the optimal
management of pregnant women who are hyperthyroid or hypothyroid. Despite the lack of consensus organizations,
which are based on analyses, support screening in all pregnant women in the first trimester for thyroid disease. In this
article, we provide information about the current approaches of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. J Clin Exp Invest 2016;
7 (1): 119-123.

References

  • 1. Williams GR. Neurodevelopmental and neurophysiological actions of thyroid hormone. J Neuroendocrinol 2008;20:784-794.
  • 2. Auso E, Lavado-Autric R, Cuevas E, et al. A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration. Endocrinology 2004; 145:4037-4047.
  • 3. The American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Thyroid Disease During Pregnacy and Postpartum. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy and Postpartum. Tyhroid 2011;21:1081-1125.
  • 4. Yamamoto T, Amino N, Tanizawa O, et al. Longitudinal study of serum thyroid hormones, chorionic gonadotrophin and thyrotrophin during and after normal pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).1979;10:459-468.
  • 5. Azizi F, Delshad H. Thyroid Derangements in Pregnancy. IJEM. 2014;15:491-508.
  • 6. Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Williams Obstetrics. 23 rd Ed. McGrraw-Hill Companies;2010.
  • 7. Negro R, Formoso G, Mangieri T, et al. Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2587-2591.
  • 8. Delshad H, Azizi F. Thyroid and pregnancy. J Med Council Iran. 2008;26;392-408.
  • 9. Negro R, Mestman JH. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;25:927-943.
  • 10. Klein RZ, Haddow JE, Faix JD, et al. Prevalence of thyroid deficiency in pregnant women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991;35:41-46.
  • 11. Vaidya B, Anthony S, Bilous M, et al. Detection of thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy: universal screening or targeted high-risk case finding? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:203-207.
  • 12. Bostancı MS, Taşkesen F. Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and evaluation of its results. J Clinical and experimental investigations. J Clin Exp Invest 2011;2;196-201.
  • 13. Cignini P, Cafa EV, Giorlandino C, et al. Thyroid pysiology and common disease in pregnancy: review of literatüre. J Prenat Med 2012;6:64-71.
  • 14. Moleti M, Lo Presti VP, Mattina F, et al. Gestational thyroid function abnormalities in conditions of mild iodine deficiency: early screening versus continuous monitoring of maternal thyroid status. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:611- 617.
  • 15. Wilson KL, Casey BM, Mclntire DD, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease and the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119:315-320.
  • 16. Sahu MT, Das V, Mittal S, et al. Overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction among Indian pregnant women and its effect on maternal and fetal outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010;281:215-220.
  • 17. Cleary-Goldman J, Malone FD, Lambert-Messerlian G, et al. Maternal thyroid hypofunction and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:85-92.
  • 18. Dorota A. Krajewski, Kenneth D. Burman. Thyroid disorders in pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2011;40:739-763.
  • 19. Banerjee S. Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy. JAPI. 2011;59:32-34.
  • 20. Glinoer D, Spencer CA. Serum TSH determinations in pregnancy: How, when and why? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010;6:526-529.
  • 21. Hirsch D, Levy S, Nadler V, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with severe hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;169:313-320.
  • 22. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med 1999;341:549-555.
  • 23. El Baba KA, Azar ST. Thyroid function in pregnancy. Br Med Bul 2012;5:227-230.
  • 24. Stagnaro-Green A. Thyroid antibodies and miscarriage: where are we at a generation later? J Thyroid Res 2011;2011:841949.
  • 25. Kooistra L, Crawford S, van Baar AL, et al. Neonatal effects of maternal hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy. Pediatrics 2006;117:161-167.
  • 26. Ghorbani Behrooz H, Tohidi M, Mehrabi Y, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidisim in pregnancy: Intellectual development of offspring. Thyroid 2012:1143-1147.
  • 27. Abalovich M, Amino N, Barbour LA, et. Al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(Suppl 8):S1-47.
  • 28. Alexande EK, Marqusee E, Lawrence J, et al. Timing and magnitude of increases in levothyroxine requirements during pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 2004;351:241-249.
  • 29. Loh JA, Wartofsky L, Jonklaas J, et al. The magnitude of increased levothyroxine requirements in hypothyroid pregnant women depends upon the etiology of the hypothyroidism. Tyroid 2009;19:269-275.
  • 30. Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Guxens M, Mendez M, et al. Iodine levels and thyroid hormones in healthy pregnant women and birth weight of their offspring. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:423-429.
  • 31. Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, et al. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr 2007;10(12A):1606-1611.
  • 32. Glinoer D. The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocr Rev 1997;18:404-433.
  • 33. Lazarus J. Pregnancy and thyroid diseases. Paper presented at: The 14th International Thyroid Congress. Paris, September 11-16, 2010.
  • 34. Goodwin TM, Montoro M, Mestman JH, et al. The rol of chorionic gonadotropinin transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1333- 1337.
  • 35. Glinoer D. The thyroid in pregnancy: the European perspective. Thyroid Today 1995:18:1-11.
  • 36. Luewan S, Chakkabut P, Tongsong T. Outcomes of pregnancy complicated with hyperthyroidism: a cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011:283:243-247.
  • 37. Pillar N, Levy A, Holcberg G, et al. Pregnancy and perinatal outcome in women with hyperthyroidism. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010;108:61-64.
  • 38. Anselmo J, Cao D, Karrison T, et al. Fetal loss associated with excess thyroid hormone exposure. JAMA 2004;292:691-695.
  • 39. Casey BM, Dashe JS, Wells CE, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107(2 Pt 1):337-341.
  • 40. Clementi M, Di Gianantonio E, Pelo E, et al. Methimazole embriopathy: delineation of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet 1999 83:43-46.
  • 41. Bournaud C, Orgiazzi J. Antithyroid agents and embryopathies. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2003;64:366-369.
  • 42. Wolf D, Foulds N, Daya H. Antenatal carbimazole and choanal atresia: a new embryopathy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;132:1009-1011.
  • 43. Rivkees SA, Szarfman A. Dissimilar hepatotoxicity profiles of propylthiouracil and methimazole in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:3260-3267.
  • 44. Papendieck P, Chiesa A, Prieto L, et al. Thyroid disorders of neonates born to mothers with graves disease. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009;22:547-553.
  • 45. McKenzie JM, Zakarija M. Fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH receptor antibodies. Thyroid 1992;2:155-159.
  • 46. Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, et al. Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:2165-2172.
  • 47. Hegedus L. Clinical practice. The thyroid nodüle. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1764-1771.
  • 48. Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocr Pract 2010;16(Suppl 1):1-43.
  • 49. Kung AW, Chau MT, Lao TT, et al. The effect of pregnancy on thyroid nodule formation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1010-1014.
  • 50. Burch HB. Evaluation and management of the solid thyroid nodüle. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1995;24:663- 710.
  • 51. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. Management guidelines for patients with nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006;16:109-142.
  • 52. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009;19:1167-1214.
  • 53. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2010 (portal en internet). National Cancer Institute.Bethesda, MD. Updated November 2012 [viewed April 2013]. Available from: http:// seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975-2010/
  • 54. Smith LH, Danielsen B, Allen ME, Cress R. Cancer associated with obstetric delivery: results of linkage with the California cancer registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1128-1135.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Aynur Aktaş This is me

Zafer Pekkolay

Publication Date March 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016

Cite

APA Aktaş, A., & Pekkolay, Z. (2016). Thyroid Diseases and Treatment in Pregnancy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations, 7(1), 119-123. https://doi.org/10.5799/jcei.328705
AMA Aktaş A, Pekkolay Z. Thyroid Diseases and Treatment in Pregnancy. J Clin Exp Invest. March 2016;7(1):119-123. doi:10.5799/jcei.328705
Chicago Aktaş, Aynur, and Zafer Pekkolay. “Thyroid Diseases and Treatment in Pregnancy”. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations 7, no. 1 (March 2016): 119-23. https://doi.org/10.5799/jcei.328705.
EndNote Aktaş A, Pekkolay Z (March 1, 2016) Thyroid Diseases and Treatment in Pregnancy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations 7 1 119–123.
IEEE A. Aktaş and Z. Pekkolay, “Thyroid Diseases and Treatment in Pregnancy”, J Clin Exp Invest, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 119–123, 2016, doi: 10.5799/jcei.328705.
ISNAD Aktaş, Aynur - Pekkolay, Zafer. “Thyroid Diseases and Treatment in Pregnancy”. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations 7/1 (March 2016), 119-123. https://doi.org/10.5799/jcei.328705.
JAMA Aktaş A, Pekkolay Z. Thyroid Diseases and Treatment in Pregnancy. J Clin Exp Invest. 2016;7:119–123.
MLA Aktaş, Aynur and Zafer Pekkolay. “Thyroid Diseases and Treatment in Pregnancy”. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations, vol. 7, no. 1, 2016, pp. 119-23, doi:10.5799/jcei.328705.
Vancouver Aktaş A, Pekkolay Z. Thyroid Diseases and Treatment in Pregnancy. J Clin Exp Invest. 2016;7(1):119-23.