Impact of Maternal Nutrient Consumption on Human Milk Macro Nutrient Composition: A Cross-Sectional Study

Year 2024, , 105 - 111, 15.08.2024

Fatma Şule Bilgiç , Gülçin Bozkurt , Asuman Çoban

https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2024.1486839

Abstract

Objective: To increase the production of human milk, mothers must have an adequate, balanced, and healthy diet. This study investigated the effect of maternal food consumption on the macronutrient composition of breast milk.

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 46 mothers. Food consumption and breast milk content of mothers were analysed on postnatal days 1, 5, and 15. Macro and micronutrient values consumed by the mothers were evaluated using the BeBis programme. Breast milk was analysed with Miris HMATM device.

Results: In repeated measurements until mature milk was secreted (days 1st, 5th and 15th), the amount of carbohydrates and fat in breast milk gradually increased, whereas the amount of protein decreased. A significant negative correlation was observed between the amount of carbohydrates and energy consumed by mothers on the 5th day and the amount of breast milk proteins. There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of carbohydrates in the mothers’ food consumption on the 15th day and the amount of carbohydrates in their breast milk.

Conclusions: The effect of nutrient consumption of the mothers in the study group in the last 24 h on the macronutrient levels of breast milk was evaluated. It was observed that maternal food consumption affected the macronutrient composition of breast milk during the three follow-ups. In repeated measurements, the nutrients consumed by the mothers affected the breast milk (transitional milk, and mature milk) content.

Keywords

Nutritional Consumption, Human Milk, Macronutrient, Composition

Ethical Statement

Istanbul University Medicine Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee; Date:09.08.2019;No:991

Supporting Institution

None

Project Number

None

Thanks

None

References

• World Health Organisation (WHO). Breastfeeding. 2017. https:// www.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_humanfeeding/en (Accessed Oct 23, 2022). google scholar
• Isaacs EB, Fischl BR, Quinn BT, Chong WK, Gadian DG, Lucas A. Impact of human milk on intelligence quotient, brain size, and white matter development. Paediatric research 2010; 67:357-62. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181d026da google scholar
• Fujita M, Roth E, Lo YJ. In poor families, mothers’ milk is richer for daughters than sons: A test of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis in agropastoral settlements in Northern Kenya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology.2012;149(1):52-59. https:// doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22092 google scholar
• Pang, W.W., Hartmann, P.E. Initiation of human lactation: secretory differentiation and secretory activation. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 2007;12:211-21. DOI 10.1007/s10911-007-9054-4 google scholar
• Yurtsal Z.B. and Kocoglu G. The effects of antenatal parental human-feeding education and counselling on the duration of human feeding and maternal and paternal attachment. Integrative Food Nutrition and Metabolism 2015; 2(4):222-30. 10.15761/IFNM.1000134 google scholar
• Dahl L. Clinicians’ guide to human feeding. Evidenced-based Evaluation and Management 2015;22. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-18194-3 google scholar
• Valentine CJ, Morrow G, Pennell M. Randomised controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in midwestern US human milk donors. Humanfeeding Medicine 2013;8(1):86-91. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2011.0126 google scholar
• Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Altaye M. Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against diarrhoea in human-feed infants. The Journal of Paediatrics 2004;145(3):297-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.04.054 google scholar
• Hinde K, German JB. Food in an evolutionary context: insights from mother’s milk. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2012;92(11):2219-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jsfa.5720 google scholar
• Bravi F, Wiens F, Decarli A. Impact of maternal nutrition on human milk composition: a systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;104(3):646-62. https://doi.org/10.3945/ ajcn.115.120881 google scholar
• American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP). New Mother’s Guide to Humanfeeding, 2nd Edition; 2011. https://www.aap. org/en/search/?context=Healthy%20Children&k=New%20 Mother%27s%20Guide%20to%20Humanfeeding&lang . Accessed on November 23, 2023. google scholar
• Butts C, Hedderley D, Herath T. Human milk composition and dietary intakes of human-feeding women of different ethnicity from the manawatu-wanganui region of New Zealand. Nutrients.2018;10(9):1231, https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu10091231 google scholar
• Bzikowska A, Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna A, Weker H. Correlation between human milk composition and maternal nutritional status. Roczniki Panstwowego Zaktadu Higieny 2018;69(4):363-7. DOI: 10.32394/rpzh.2018.0041 google scholar
• Phattraprayoon N, Kraisonsin N, Kanjanapattanakul W. Comparison of human milk compositions among mothers delivering small-for-gestational age, appropriate-for-gestational age, and large-for-gestational age infants. Humanfeeding Medicine 2018;13(9):627-30. https://doi.org/10.1089/ bfm.2018.0043 google scholar
• Quinn E.A., Largado F.E., Power M., Kuzawa C.W. Predictors of human milk macronutrient composition in Filipino mothers. American Journal of Human Biology 2012;24(4):533-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22266 google scholar
• Pekcan AG, Şanlıer N, Baş M. Turkey Dietary Guidelines. Ankara Kayhan Agency; 2015, p.29-45,102-105 https://dosyasb.saglik. gov.tr/Eklenti/10915,tuber-turkiye-beslenme-rehberipdf.pdf (Accessed Feb 23, 2020). google scholar
• Boniglia Carratu C, Giammarioli S. Influence of maternal protein intake on nitrogen fractions of human milk. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 2013;73(6):447-52. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.73.6.447 google scholar
• Gerçek Öter E. Nutrition of the human feeding mother. Özsoy S, ed. Counselling/Current Approaches in Humanfeeding and Humanfeeding. 1st Ed. Ankara: Turkey Clinics; 2021, p.66-76. google scholar
• Hascoet JM, Chauvin M, Pierret C. Impact of maternal nutrition and perinatal factors on human milk composition after premature delivery. Nutrients 2019; 11(2):366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu11020366 google scholar
• Bzikowska-Jura A, Sobieraj P, Szostak-Wşgierek D, Wesofowska A. Impact of infant and maternal factors on energy and macronutrient composition of human milk. Nutrients 2020;12(9):2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092591 google scholar
• Mangel L, Mimouni FB, Feinstein-Goren, N. The effect of maternal habitus on the macronutrient content of human milk colostrum. Journal of Perinatology 2017; 37(7):818-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2017.51 google scholar
• Samur G, Topcu A, Turan S. Trans-fatty acid composition of mature human milk in Turkic women and its association with maternal diet’s. Lipids 2009;44(5):405-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-009-3293-7 google scholar
• Keikha M, Bahreynian M, Saleki M, Kelishad R. Macro-and micronutrients of human milk composition: Are they related to maternal diet? A comprehensive systematic review. Humanfeeding Medicine 2017;12(9);517-27. https:// doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2017.0048 google scholar
• Fouani FZ, Mahmoudi M. Maternal Nutrition, Child Development, and Immunity. In: Mahmoudi M., & Rezaei, N. Eds. (1986). Nutrition and Immunity. Springer, Cham; 2019. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-030-16073-9_11 google scholar
• Rakıcıoğlu N, Samur G, Topcu A. The effect of Ramadan on maternal nutrition and composition of human milk. Paediatrics international 2006;48(3):278-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1442-200X.2006.02204.x google scholar
• Segura SA, Ansotegui JA, D^az-Gömez, N.M. The importance of maternal nutrition during human feeding: do human feeding mothers need nutritional supplements? Anales de Pediatrıa 2016;84(6):347-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. anpede.2015.07.035 google scholar
• Hennet T, Weiss A, Borsig L. Decoding human milk oligosaccharides. Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;19:144. doi: 10.4414/ smw.2014.13927 google scholar
• Kilci Erciyas Ş. Content of human milk. Özsoy S, Ed. Counselling/ Current Approaches in Humanfeeding and Humanfeeding. 1st Ed. Ankara Turkey Clinics; 2021, p.32-9 google scholar
• Minato T, Nomura K, Asakura H. Maternal undernutrition and human milk macronutrient content are not associated with weight in humanised infants at 1 and 3 months after delivery. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019; 16:3315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph16183315 google scholar
• Yang T, Zhang Y, Ning Y. Human milk macronutrient composition and associated factors among urban Chinese mothers. Chinese Medical Journal 2014;127(9):1721-5. doi: 10.3760/ cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20133260. google scholar