Boğmaca Enfeksiyonunun Tanı ve Tedavisi

Year 2014, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 100 - 107, 01.07.2014

Gülçin Otar Ayşe Kılıç İsmail Yıldız Muhammet Ali Varkal , Esra Devecioğlu

https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2014.100

Abstract

Boğmaca yenidoğan ve sütçocukluğu döneminde önemli morbidite ve mortalite nedenidir. Boğmaca tanısı klinik ile konulur. Mikrobiyolojik-serolojik testlerle kesinleştirilir. Son yıllarda tanıda polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu yöntemi de kullanılmaktadır. Tedavide makrolid grubu antibiyotikler kullanılır

Keywords

Boğmaca , çocuk , öksürük

Diagnosis end Treatment of Pertussis Infection

Abstract

Pertusis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality during neonatal period, and infancy. Whooping cough is diagnosed with clinically findings and confirmed by microbiologic and serological tests. Polimerase chain reaction PCR is also used for the diagnosis of whooping cough. Macrolide antibiotics are used in its treatment.

Keywords

Pertusis , child , cough

References

• 1. Cherry JD, Heininger U. Pertussis and other Bordetella infections, “Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL (eds). Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 7th ed.” kitabında s.1616-39, Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia 2014.
• 2. Waters V, Halperin S. Bordetella pertussis In: Mandell GL, Bennet JE and Dolin R (eds) Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practise of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philedephia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2010; 2955- 2964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-06839-3.00230-7
• 3. Long SS. Pertussis. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, ed. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Saunders: Philadelphia; 2007: 1178-82.
• 4. Long SS, Edwards KM. Bordetella pertussis (pertussis) and other species, “Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG (eds). Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 4rd ed.” kitabında s.865-73, Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, Philadelphia (2012).
• 5. Somer A. Boğmaca: Epidemiyoloji ve Klinik, ANKEM Derg 2011;25(Ek 2):218-23.
• 6. Cherry DJ, Grimprel E, Guiso N, Heininger U, Mertsola J. Defining pertussis epidemiology: Clinical, microbiologic and serologic perspectives. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:25-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000160926.89577.3b
• 7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Pertussis DeathsUnited States, 2002. MMWR 2002;51:616-8.
• 8. Cortese MM, Baughman AL, Zhang R, et al. Pertussis hospitalizations among infants in the United States, 1993 to 2004. Pediatrics 2008;121:484-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1393
• 9. Floret D. Pediatric deaths due to community-acquired bacterial infection. Survey of French pediatric intensive care units. Arch Pediatr 2001;8(suppl 4):705-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0929-693X(01)80185-8
• 10. http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks/trends.html
• 11. Kayiran SM, Gürakan B. Neonatal Boğmaca: Vaka Sunumu. Çocuk Dergisi 2010;10(4):207-10.
• 12. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Hedef ve Stratejiler. Sağlık 21, 2001, Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara
• 13. Wood N, Mclntyre P. Pertussis: review of epidemiology, diagnosis, management and prevention. Paediatr Respir Rev 2008;9:201-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2008.05.010
• 14. Herwaldt LA. Pertussis in adults: what physicians need to know. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1510-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1991.00400080026004
• 15. Wirsing von König CH, Halperin S, Riffelmann M, Guiso N. Pertussis of adults and infants. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2: 774-50.
• 16. De Serres G, Shadmani R, Duval B, et al. Morbidity of pertussis in adolescents and adults. J Infect Dis 2000;182: 174-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315648
• 17. Halperin SA, Marrie TJ. Pertussis encephalopathy in an adult: case report and review. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:1043-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/13.6.1043
• 18. Mortimer E. Pertussis. In: Gershon A, Hotez P, Katz S. Krugman’s Infectious Disease of Children. 11th ed. St Loui: Mosby. 2004; 335-50.
• 19. Somer A. Boğmaca. Editörler: Neyzi O, Ertuğrul T. Pediatri. 4. Baskı. Nobel Tıp Kitapevi: İstanbul; 2010: 599-601.
• 20. Mattoo S, Cherry JD. Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies. Clin Microbiol Rew 2005;18:326-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005
• 21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Pertussis-United States, 1997-2000. MMWR 2002;51:73-6.
• 22. Tan T, Trindade E, Skowronski D. Epidemiology of Pertussis. Pediatr Infect Dis 2005;24:10-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000160708.43944.99
• 23. Crowcroft NS, Pebody R. Recent developments in pertussis. Lancet 2006;367:1926-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68848-X
• 24. Kurugöl Z. Türkiye’de boğmaca epidemiyolojisi: Pekiştirme aşı dozları gerekli mi? Çocuk Enf Derg 2009;3:14-8.
• 25. Kerr JR, Matthew RC. Bordetella Pertussis infection: pathogenesis, diagnosis, management and the role of protective immunity. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;19:77-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100960050435
• 26. Kösters K, Reischl U, Schmetz J, Riffelmann M, Wirsing von König CH. Real time LightCyler PCR for Detection and Discrimination of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:1719-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.5.1719-1722.2002
• 27. Munoz M. Pertussis infants, children, and adolescents: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2006;17:14-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.spid.2005.11.005
• 28. Bamberger ES, Srugo I. What is new in pertussis? Eur J Pediatr 2008;167:133-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-007-0548-2
• 29. Lievano FA, Reynolds MA, Waring AL. Issues associated with and recommendations for using PCR to detect outbreaks of pertussis. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:2801-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.8.2801-2805.2002
• 30. He Q, Schmidt-Schlapfer G, Just M, et al. Impact of Polymerase Chain Reaction on Clinical Pertussis Research: Finnish and Swiss Experiences. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:1288- 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/174.6.1288
• 31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Guidelines for the control of pertussis outbreaks. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control, 2000.
• 32. Wadowsky RM, Michaels RH, Libert T, Kingsley LA, Ehrlich GD. Multiplex PCR-Based Assay for Detection of Bordetella pertussis in Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens, J Clin Microbiol Nov. 1996, p. 2645–2649
• 33. Müller FM, Hoppe JE, Wirsing von König CH. Laboratory diagnosis of pertussis: state of the art in 1997. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:2435-43.
• 34. De Melker H, Versteegh F, Conyn-van Spaendocnk M, et al. Specificity and sensitivity of high levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies against pertussis toxin in a single sample for diagnosis of infection with Bordetella pertussis. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:800-6.
• 35. Yıldırım I, Ceyhan M, Kalaycı O, et al. Frequency of pertussis in children with prolonged cough. Scand J Infect Dis 2008;40:314-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540701689659
• 36. Esen B, Coplu N, Kurtoglu D, et al. Prevalence of high antibody titers of pertussis in Turkey: reflection of circulating microorganism and a threat to infants. J Clin Lab Anal 2007;21:154-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcla.20127
• 37. Vatansever Ü, Çöplü N, Öner N, et al. Seroprevalance of Bordetella pertussis antibodies among healthy adolescent girls in Edirne. Swiss Med Wkly 2005;135:531-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200508000-00423
• 38. Altunaiji S, Kukuruzovic R, Curtis N, Massie J. Antibiotics for whooping cough (pertussis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;3:CD004404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd004404.pub3
• 39. Aoyama T, Sunakawa S, Iwata S, et al. Efficacy of shortterm treatment of pertussis with clarithromycin and azithromycin. J Pediatr 1996;129:761-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70163-4
• 40. Langley J, Halperin S, Boucher F, et al. Azithromycin is as effective as and better tolerated than erythromycin estolate for the treatment of pertussis. Pediatrics 2004;114:e96-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.e96
• 41. Tozzi AE, Celentano LP, Ciofi ML, Salmaso S. Diagnosis and management of pertussis. CMAJ 2005;172:509-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1040766
• 42. Somer A. Boğmaca hastalığı ve Boğmaca aşıları. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Derg 2009: 36.
• 43. World Health Organization. Recommended Surveillance Standards of vaccine preventable diseases: Pertussis, 2003 WHO/V&B/03.0I
• 44. Hodder SL, Mortimer EA. Epidemiology of pertussis and reactions to pertussis vaccine. Epidemiol Rev 1992;14:243-67.
• 45. TC. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Boğmaca Hastalığının Kontrolü İçin Saha Rehberi. ANKARA: Sağlık Bakanlığı Genelgeleri, 2003.