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Çocukluk Çağı Büyüme Hormonu Eksikliğinde Büyüme Hormonu Tedavisinin Optimizasyonu

Year 2014, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 148 - 155, 01.10.2014
https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2014.148

Abstract

Büyüme hormonu eksikliğinde BHE tanı ve tedavi süreci oldukça zorlu olup, gerek tanı kriterleri gerekse hangi çocuklara tedavi verilmesi gerektiği konusunda henüz tam bir görüş birliği yoktur. Büyüme bozukluklarının optimal tedavisi etiyolojinin doğru tanılanması ve gerçekçi tedavi hedeflerinin belirlenmesi ile olası olup, tedavi altındaki hastaların etkililik ve güvenlilik açısından yakın izlemi, izlem sürecinde tedavi yanıtı değerlendirilerek yetersiz yanıt durumunda ilgili faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve uygun doz ayarlamalarının yapılması BH tedavisinin optimizas- yonunun kritik bileşenlerindendir. Bu derleme makalesin- de, büyüme hormonu BH yerine koyma tedavisi hedefleri ve tedavi yanıtını etkileyen faktörler, büyüme yanıtı öngörü modelleri, yetersiz tedavi yanıtının değerlendirilmesi, BH tedavisi izlemi ve BH tedavisinin kesilmesi açısından değerlendirilmektedir

References

  • 1. Hardin DS, Woo J, Butsch R, et al. Current prescribing practices and opinions about growth hormone therapy: results of a nationwide survey of paediatric endocrinologists. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;66:85-94.
  • 2. Darendeliler F. Growth hormone therapy in childhood: Evidence-based approach. J Child 2009;9:158-66.
  • 3. Bang P, Ahmed SF, Argente J, et al. Identification and management of poor response to growth-promoting therapy in children with short stature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;77:169- 81. Review. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04420.x
  • 4. Darendeliler F, Lindberg A, Wilton P. Response to growth hormone treatment in isolated growth hormone deficiency versus multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 2011;76: 42-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000329161
  • 5. Rose S. Optimal therapy of growth hormone deficiency in the child and adolescent. Eur Endocrinol 2011;7:40-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/EE.2011.07.01.40
  • 6. Guidelines for the use of growth hormone in children with short stature. A report by the Drug and Therapeutics Committee of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. J Pediatr 1995;127:857-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70019-6
  • 7. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs and Committee on Bioethics. Considerations related to the use of recombinant human growth hormone in children. Pediatrics 1997;99:122-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.99.1.122
  • 8. Saggese G, Ranke MB, Saenger P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children and adolescents: towards a consensus. Ten years after the Availability of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Workshop held in Pisa, Italy, 27-28 March 1998. Horm Res 1998;50:320-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000023298
  • 9. GH Research Society. Consesus Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in childhood and adolescence: Summary statement of the GH research society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3990-3.
  • 10. Wilson TA, Rose SR, Cohen P, et al. Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrinology Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee. Update of guidelines for the use of growth hormone in children: the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrinology Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee. J Pediatr 2003; 143:415-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00246-4
  • 11. Lee PA, Chernausek SD, Hokken-Koelega AC, et al. International Small for Gestational Age Advisory Board. International Small for Gestational Age Advisory Board consensus development conference statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, April 24-October 1, 2001. Pediatrics 2003;111:1253-61.
  • 12. Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, et al. Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society. Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:804-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2017
  • 13. Saenger P, Wikland KA, Conway GS, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3061-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.7.3061
  • 14. Bondy CA, Turner Syndrome Consensus Study Group. Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:10-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1374
  • 15. Kriström B, Wikland KA. Growth prediction models, concept and use. Horm Res 2002;57:66-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000058104
  • 16. Growth Hormone Therapy in Pediatrics. 20 years of KIGS. MB Ranke, DA Price, EO, eds. Reiter. Karger, Basel, 2007.
  • 17. Ranke MB, Lindberg A, Chatelain P, et al. Derivation and validation of a mathematical model for predicting the response to exogenous recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in prepubertal children with idiopathic GH deficiency. KIGS International Board. Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1174-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.4.5634
  • 18. Coste J, Letrait M, Carel JC, et al. Long term results of growth hormone treatment in France in children of short stature: population, register based study. Br Med J 1997;315: 708-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7110.708
  • 19. Ranke MB, Lindberg A; KIGS International Board. Observed and predicted growth responses in prepubertal children with growth disorders: guidance of growth hormone treatment by empirical variables. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:1229-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1471
  • 20. Fujieda K, Hanew K, Hirano T, et al. Growth response to growth hormone therapy in patients with different degrees of growth hormone deficiency. Endocr J 1996;43:19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.43.Suppl_S19
  • 21. Blethen SL, Baptista J, Kuntze J, et al; the Genentech Growth Study Group. Adult height in growth hormone (GH)-deficient children treated with biosynthetic GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:418-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.2.3734
  • 22. Wikland KA, Kriström B, Rosberg S, et al. Validated multivariate models predicting growth response to GH treatment in individual short children with a broad range in GH secretion capabilities. Pediatr Res 2000;48:475-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200010000-00010
  • 23. Bakker B, Frane J, Anhalt H, et al. Height velocity targets from the national cooperative growth study for first-year growth hormone responses in short children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:352-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1581
  • 24. Cohen P, Germak J, Rogol AD, et al; American Norditropin Study Group. Variable degree of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) sensitivity in children with idiopathic short stature compared with GH-deficient patients: evidence from an IGF-based dosing study of short children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2089-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2139
  • 25. Pawlikowska-Haddal A, Cohen P, Cook DM. How useful are serum IGF-1 measurements for managing GH replacement therapy in adults and children? Pituitary 2012;15:126-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11102-011-0343-y
  • 26. Dahlgren J, Kriström B, Niklasson A, et al. Models predicting the growth response to growth hormone treatment in short children independent of GH status, birth size and gestational age. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2007;12(7):40.
  • 27. Ranke MB, Lindberg A. Predicting growth in response to growth hormone treatment. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009;19:1- 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2008.08.001
  • 28. Ranke MB, Lindberg A, Brosz M, et al. Accurate long-term prediction of height during the first four years of growth hormone treatment in prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency or Turner Syndrome. Horm Res Paediatr 2012;78: 8-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000339468
  • 29. Kriström B, Löfqvist C, Rosberg S, et al. Effect of spontaneous GH secretion and the GH sampling period on the accuracy of models for predicting growth responses to GH treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4963-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.10.7945
  • 30. Schönau E, Westermann F, Rauch F, et al.; German Lilly Growth Response Study Group. A new and accurate prediction model for growth response to growth hormone treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2001;144:13-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1440013
  • 31. Rosenfeld RG. The future of research into growth hormone responsiveness. Horm Res 2009;71:71-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000192440
  • 32. Wassenaar MJ, Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, et al. Impact of the exon 3-deleted growth hormone (GH) receptor polymorphism on baseline height and the growth response to recombinant human GH therapy in GH-deficient (GHD) and nonGHD children with short stature: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:3721-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0425
  • 33. Baş F, Darendeliler F, Aycan Z, et al. The exon 3-deleted/ full-length growth hormone receptor polymorphism and response to growth hormone therapy in growth hormone deficiency and Turner syndrome: A multicenter study. Horm Res Paediatr 2012;77:85-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000335172
  • 34. Costalonga EF, Antinoni SR, Guerra-Junior G, et al. The -202 A allele on insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) promoter polymorphism is associated with higher IGFBP- 3 serum levels and better growth response to growth hormone treatment in patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. J Clinic Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:588-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1608
  • 35. Wit JM, Ranke MB, Albertsson-Wikland K, et al. Personalized approach to growth hormone treatment: Clinical use of growth prediction models. Horm Res Paediatr 2013;79:257-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351025
  • 36. Darendelier F, Berberoglu M, Ocal G, et al. Response to growth hormone with respect to pubertal status on increased dose in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: an analysis of Turkish children in the KIGS database (Pfizer International Growth Study). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005;18:949-54.
  • 37. Coelho R, Brook CG, Preece MA, et al. A randomised study of two doses of biosynthetic human growth hormone on final height of pubertal children with growth hormone deficiency. Horm Res 2008;70:85-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000139149
  • 38. Mauras N, Attie KM, Reiter EO, et al. High dose recombinant human growth hormone (GH) treatment of GH-deficient patients in puberty increases near-final height: a randomized, multicenter trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3653-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.10.3653
  • 39. Riddick L, Alter C, Davis DA, et al. A stepwise increase in recombinant human growth hormone dosing during puberty achieves improved pubertal growth: a National Cooperative Growth Study report. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009;22: 623-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/JPEM.2009.22.7.623
  • 40. Carel JC, Eugster EA, Rogol A, et al; ESPE-LWPES GnRH Analogs Consensus Conference Group. Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children. Pediatrics 2009;123:e752-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1783
  • 41. Mauras N, Gonzalez de Pijem L, Hsiang HY, et al. Anastrozole increases predicted adult height of short adolescent males treated with growth hormone: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial for one to three years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:823-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1559
  • 42. Ranke MB. Clinical considerations in using growth hormone therapy in growth hormone deficiency. Endocr Dev 2010;18: 83-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000316129
  • 43. Bang P, Bjerknes R, Dahlgren J, et al. A comparison of different definitions of growth response in short prepubertal children treated with growth hormone. Horm Res Paediatr 2011;75:335-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000322878
  • 44. Cook DM, Rose SR. A review of guidelines for use of growth hormone in pediatric and transition patients. Pituitary 2012; 15:301-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11102-011-0372-6
  • 45. Lee PA, Germak J, Gut R, et al. Identification of factors associated with good response to growth hormone therapy in children with short stature: results from the ANSWER Program®. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2011;2011:6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1687-9856-2011-6
  • 46. De Boer H, Blok GJ, van derVeen EA. Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr Rev 1995;16: 63-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.16.1.63
  • 47. Poyrazoğlu Ş, Akçay T, Arslanoğlu İ, et al. Current practice in diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency in childhood: A survey from Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2015;7:37-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.1794

Optimizing Growth Hormone Therapy in Chilhood Growth Hormone Defiency

Year 2014, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 148 - 155, 01.10.2014
https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2014.148

Abstract

The diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency GHD are challenging issues with no clear-cut consensus on the diagnostic criteria and which children should be treated. Optimal treatment of growth disorders depends on accurate definition of underlying etiology and identificati- on of realistic treatment targets. Close follow up of treated patients in terms of efficacy and safety of treatment as well as evaluation of treatment response with identification of responsible factors and implementing appropriate dose adjustment in case of insufficient treatment response are critical factors in opimizing growth hormone GH therapy. In this review, optimal treatment of GHD has been evalua- ted in terms of targets of GH replacement therapy, factors affecting treatment response, growth response prediction models, assessment of insufficient treatment response, monitorization, and discontinuation of GH treatment

References

  • 1. Hardin DS, Woo J, Butsch R, et al. Current prescribing practices and opinions about growth hormone therapy: results of a nationwide survey of paediatric endocrinologists. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;66:85-94.
  • 2. Darendeliler F. Growth hormone therapy in childhood: Evidence-based approach. J Child 2009;9:158-66.
  • 3. Bang P, Ahmed SF, Argente J, et al. Identification and management of poor response to growth-promoting therapy in children with short stature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;77:169- 81. Review. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04420.x
  • 4. Darendeliler F, Lindberg A, Wilton P. Response to growth hormone treatment in isolated growth hormone deficiency versus multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 2011;76: 42-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000329161
  • 5. Rose S. Optimal therapy of growth hormone deficiency in the child and adolescent. Eur Endocrinol 2011;7:40-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/EE.2011.07.01.40
  • 6. Guidelines for the use of growth hormone in children with short stature. A report by the Drug and Therapeutics Committee of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. J Pediatr 1995;127:857-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70019-6
  • 7. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs and Committee on Bioethics. Considerations related to the use of recombinant human growth hormone in children. Pediatrics 1997;99:122-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.99.1.122
  • 8. Saggese G, Ranke MB, Saenger P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children and adolescents: towards a consensus. Ten years after the Availability of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Workshop held in Pisa, Italy, 27-28 March 1998. Horm Res 1998;50:320-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000023298
  • 9. GH Research Society. Consesus Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in childhood and adolescence: Summary statement of the GH research society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3990-3.
  • 10. Wilson TA, Rose SR, Cohen P, et al. Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrinology Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee. Update of guidelines for the use of growth hormone in children: the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrinology Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee. J Pediatr 2003; 143:415-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00246-4
  • 11. Lee PA, Chernausek SD, Hokken-Koelega AC, et al. International Small for Gestational Age Advisory Board. International Small for Gestational Age Advisory Board consensus development conference statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, April 24-October 1, 2001. Pediatrics 2003;111:1253-61.
  • 12. Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, et al. Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society. Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:804-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2017
  • 13. Saenger P, Wikland KA, Conway GS, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3061-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.7.3061
  • 14. Bondy CA, Turner Syndrome Consensus Study Group. Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:10-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1374
  • 15. Kriström B, Wikland KA. Growth prediction models, concept and use. Horm Res 2002;57:66-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000058104
  • 16. Growth Hormone Therapy in Pediatrics. 20 years of KIGS. MB Ranke, DA Price, EO, eds. Reiter. Karger, Basel, 2007.
  • 17. Ranke MB, Lindberg A, Chatelain P, et al. Derivation and validation of a mathematical model for predicting the response to exogenous recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in prepubertal children with idiopathic GH deficiency. KIGS International Board. Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1174-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.4.5634
  • 18. Coste J, Letrait M, Carel JC, et al. Long term results of growth hormone treatment in France in children of short stature: population, register based study. Br Med J 1997;315: 708-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7110.708
  • 19. Ranke MB, Lindberg A; KIGS International Board. Observed and predicted growth responses in prepubertal children with growth disorders: guidance of growth hormone treatment by empirical variables. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:1229-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1471
  • 20. Fujieda K, Hanew K, Hirano T, et al. Growth response to growth hormone therapy in patients with different degrees of growth hormone deficiency. Endocr J 1996;43:19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.43.Suppl_S19
  • 21. Blethen SL, Baptista J, Kuntze J, et al; the Genentech Growth Study Group. Adult height in growth hormone (GH)-deficient children treated with biosynthetic GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:418-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.2.3734
  • 22. Wikland KA, Kriström B, Rosberg S, et al. Validated multivariate models predicting growth response to GH treatment in individual short children with a broad range in GH secretion capabilities. Pediatr Res 2000;48:475-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200010000-00010
  • 23. Bakker B, Frane J, Anhalt H, et al. Height velocity targets from the national cooperative growth study for first-year growth hormone responses in short children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:352-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1581
  • 24. Cohen P, Germak J, Rogol AD, et al; American Norditropin Study Group. Variable degree of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) sensitivity in children with idiopathic short stature compared with GH-deficient patients: evidence from an IGF-based dosing study of short children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2089-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2139
  • 25. Pawlikowska-Haddal A, Cohen P, Cook DM. How useful are serum IGF-1 measurements for managing GH replacement therapy in adults and children? Pituitary 2012;15:126-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11102-011-0343-y
  • 26. Dahlgren J, Kriström B, Niklasson A, et al. Models predicting the growth response to growth hormone treatment in short children independent of GH status, birth size and gestational age. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2007;12(7):40.
  • 27. Ranke MB, Lindberg A. Predicting growth in response to growth hormone treatment. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009;19:1- 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2008.08.001
  • 28. Ranke MB, Lindberg A, Brosz M, et al. Accurate long-term prediction of height during the first four years of growth hormone treatment in prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency or Turner Syndrome. Horm Res Paediatr 2012;78: 8-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000339468
  • 29. Kriström B, Löfqvist C, Rosberg S, et al. Effect of spontaneous GH secretion and the GH sampling period on the accuracy of models for predicting growth responses to GH treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4963-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.10.7945
  • 30. Schönau E, Westermann F, Rauch F, et al.; German Lilly Growth Response Study Group. A new and accurate prediction model for growth response to growth hormone treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2001;144:13-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1440013
  • 31. Rosenfeld RG. The future of research into growth hormone responsiveness. Horm Res 2009;71:71-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000192440
  • 32. Wassenaar MJ, Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, et al. Impact of the exon 3-deleted growth hormone (GH) receptor polymorphism on baseline height and the growth response to recombinant human GH therapy in GH-deficient (GHD) and nonGHD children with short stature: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:3721-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0425
  • 33. Baş F, Darendeliler F, Aycan Z, et al. The exon 3-deleted/ full-length growth hormone receptor polymorphism and response to growth hormone therapy in growth hormone deficiency and Turner syndrome: A multicenter study. Horm Res Paediatr 2012;77:85-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000335172
  • 34. Costalonga EF, Antinoni SR, Guerra-Junior G, et al. The -202 A allele on insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) promoter polymorphism is associated with higher IGFBP- 3 serum levels and better growth response to growth hormone treatment in patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. J Clinic Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:588-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1608
  • 35. Wit JM, Ranke MB, Albertsson-Wikland K, et al. Personalized approach to growth hormone treatment: Clinical use of growth prediction models. Horm Res Paediatr 2013;79:257-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351025
  • 36. Darendelier F, Berberoglu M, Ocal G, et al. Response to growth hormone with respect to pubertal status on increased dose in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: an analysis of Turkish children in the KIGS database (Pfizer International Growth Study). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005;18:949-54.
  • 37. Coelho R, Brook CG, Preece MA, et al. A randomised study of two doses of biosynthetic human growth hormone on final height of pubertal children with growth hormone deficiency. Horm Res 2008;70:85-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000139149
  • 38. Mauras N, Attie KM, Reiter EO, et al. High dose recombinant human growth hormone (GH) treatment of GH-deficient patients in puberty increases near-final height: a randomized, multicenter trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3653-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.10.3653
  • 39. Riddick L, Alter C, Davis DA, et al. A stepwise increase in recombinant human growth hormone dosing during puberty achieves improved pubertal growth: a National Cooperative Growth Study report. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009;22: 623-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/JPEM.2009.22.7.623
  • 40. Carel JC, Eugster EA, Rogol A, et al; ESPE-LWPES GnRH Analogs Consensus Conference Group. Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children. Pediatrics 2009;123:e752-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1783
  • 41. Mauras N, Gonzalez de Pijem L, Hsiang HY, et al. Anastrozole increases predicted adult height of short adolescent males treated with growth hormone: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial for one to three years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:823-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1559
  • 42. Ranke MB. Clinical considerations in using growth hormone therapy in growth hormone deficiency. Endocr Dev 2010;18: 83-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000316129
  • 43. Bang P, Bjerknes R, Dahlgren J, et al. A comparison of different definitions of growth response in short prepubertal children treated with growth hormone. Horm Res Paediatr 2011;75:335-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000322878
  • 44. Cook DM, Rose SR. A review of guidelines for use of growth hormone in pediatric and transition patients. Pituitary 2012; 15:301-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11102-011-0372-6
  • 45. Lee PA, Germak J, Gut R, et al. Identification of factors associated with good response to growth hormone therapy in children with short stature: results from the ANSWER Program®. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2011;2011:6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1687-9856-2011-6
  • 46. De Boer H, Blok GJ, van derVeen EA. Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr Rev 1995;16: 63-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.16.1.63
  • 47. Poyrazoğlu Ş, Akçay T, Arslanoğlu İ, et al. Current practice in diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency in childhood: A survey from Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2015;7:37-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.1794
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Feyza Darendeliler This is me

Publication Date October 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 14 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Darendeliler, F. (2014). Çocukluk Çağı Büyüme Hormonu Eksikliğinde Büyüme Hormonu Tedavisinin Optimizasyonu. Journal of Child, 14(4), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2014.148
AMA Darendeliler F. Çocukluk Çağı Büyüme Hormonu Eksikliğinde Büyüme Hormonu Tedavisinin Optimizasyonu. Journal of Child. October 2014;14(4):148-155. doi:10.5222/j.child.2014.148
Chicago Darendeliler, Feyza. “Çocukluk Çağı Büyüme Hormonu Eksikliğinde Büyüme Hormonu Tedavisinin Optimizasyonu”. Journal of Child 14, no. 4 (October 2014): 148-55. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2014.148.
EndNote Darendeliler F (October 1, 2014) Çocukluk Çağı Büyüme Hormonu Eksikliğinde Büyüme Hormonu Tedavisinin Optimizasyonu. Journal of Child 14 4 148–155.
IEEE F. Darendeliler, “Çocukluk Çağı Büyüme Hormonu Eksikliğinde Büyüme Hormonu Tedavisinin Optimizasyonu”, Journal of Child, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 148–155, 2014, doi: 10.5222/j.child.2014.148.
ISNAD Darendeliler, Feyza. “Çocukluk Çağı Büyüme Hormonu Eksikliğinde Büyüme Hormonu Tedavisinin Optimizasyonu”. Journal of Child 14/4 (October 2014), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2014.148.
JAMA Darendeliler F. Çocukluk Çağı Büyüme Hormonu Eksikliğinde Büyüme Hormonu Tedavisinin Optimizasyonu. Journal of Child. 2014;14:148–155.
MLA Darendeliler, Feyza. “Çocukluk Çağı Büyüme Hormonu Eksikliğinde Büyüme Hormonu Tedavisinin Optimizasyonu”. Journal of Child, vol. 14, no. 4, 2014, pp. 148-55, doi:10.5222/j.child.2014.148.
Vancouver Darendeliler F. Çocukluk Çağı Büyüme Hormonu Eksikliğinde Büyüme Hormonu Tedavisinin Optimizasyonu. Journal of Child. 2014;14(4):148-55.