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Factors Related to Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate in Turkey: An Ecological Study with Provincial Data

Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 221 - 230, 14.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2021.993630

Abstract

Objective: To determine the factors related to the infant mortality rate (IMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in Turkey. Material and Methods: An ecological study was conducted using the provincial data of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) and the Ministry of Health. Results: IMR and U5MR (r values for these two parameters are respectively mentioned in parenthesis) had a statistically significant relationship with total fertility rate (TFR) (r=0.661 and 0.718), ratio of adolescent births to total births (r=0.542 and 0.587), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (r=−0.555 and −0.591), proportion of women aged ≥18 with high school or higher education (r=−0.434 and −0.470), number of physicians per 100,000 people (r=−0.352 and −0.398), number of hospital beds per 100,000 people (r=−0.244 and −0.286), and number of newborn intensive care beds per thousand births (r=−0.324 and −0.359). In bivariate models for IMR, the effect of all of the abovementioned parameters on the model was statistically significant, except for the number of hospital beds per 100,000 people. In bivariate models for U5MR, the effect of all the above-mentioned parameters on the model was statistically significant. TFR was the only variable with a statistically significant effect on the multivariate model for both IMR (standardized β=0.621, R2=0.385) and U5MR (standardized β=0.667, R2=0.445). Conclusion: The results showed the presence of a weak correlation for the variables related to the numbers of healthcare professionals and hospital beds, thereby indicating that the effect of healthcare service provision is rather indirect. Health promotion programs can be developed for infant and child mortality with the aim of changing high fertility preferences and preventing adolescent pregnancies. Economic policies that improve income distribution and initiatives to increase education levels of girls can be life-saving for infants and children.

References

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  • 8. Burstein R, Henry NJ, Collison ML, Marczak LB, Sligar A, Watson S, et al. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017. Nature 2019;574(7778):353-8. Epub 2019/10/18. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1545-0. google scholar
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  • 10. Houweling TA, Kunst AE. Socio-economic inequalities in childhood mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a review of the international evidence. Br Med Bull 2010;93:7-26. Epub 2009/12/17.doi:10.1093/bmb/ldp048.PubMedPMID:20007188. google scholar
  • 11. Gissler M, Alexander S, MacFarlane A, Small R, Stray-Pedersen B, Zeitlin J, et al. Stillbirths and infant deaths among migrants in industrialized countries. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009;88(2):134-48. Epub 2008/12/20. doi: 10.1080/00016340802603805. PubMed PMID: 19096947. google scholar
  • 12. Wakefield J. Ecologic studies revisited. Annu Rev Public Health 2008;29:75-90. Epub 2007/10/05. doi: 10.1146/annurev. publhealth.29.020907.090821. PubMed PMID: 17914933. google scholar
  • 13. Morgenstern H. Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annu Rev Public Health 1995;16:61-81. Epub 1995/01/01. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pu.16.050195.000425. PubMed PMID: 7639884. google scholar
  • 14. Metintaş S, Emrah A. Dermatolojik Hastaliklarda Araştirma Yöntemleri. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi 2019;4:1-26. google scholar
  • 15. Metintas S, Arikan I, Fidan H, Kalyoncu C, Goktepe M. Identification of variables affecting infant mortality rate in Eskisehir (Turkey). Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2010;26(1). google scholar
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  • 23. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Bebek Ölümleri İzleme Sistemi [cited 2021 21.08.2021]. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/cocukergen-bois- liste/bebek-%C3%B6l%C3%BCmleri-izleme-sistemi.html. google scholar
  • 24. Khazaei S, Ayubi E, Nematollahi S. Variations of infant and under-five child mortality rates around the world, the role of human development index (HDI). International Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;4(5):1671-7. google scholar
  • 25. Chuang YC, Sung PW, Chao HJ, Bai CH, Chang CJ. A longitudinal ecological study of the influences of political, economic, and health services characteristics on under- five mortality in less-developed countries. Health Place. 2013;23:111-21. Epub 2013/07/09. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.05.007. PubMed PMID: 23832128. google scholar
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  • 28. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması Suriyeli Göçmen Örneklemi. Ankara, 2019. google scholar
  • 29. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. Türkiye’de Karşılanmamış Aile Planlaması İhtiyacı Küresel Hedefler Yerel Koşullar Ankara 2020. Available from: http://www.hips.hacettepe. edu.tr/TR_karsilanmamis_aile_planlamasi.pdf google scholar
  • 30. Riley T, Sully E, Ahmed Z, Biddlecom A. Estimates of the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sexual and Reproductive Health In Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2020;46:73-6. Epub 2020/04/29. doi: 10.1363/46e9020. PubMed PMID: 32343244. google scholar
  • 31. Günay T. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Cinsel Sağlık ve Üreme Sağlığı Ankara: Türk Tabipleri Birliği, 2021. google scholar
  • 32. Türkiye Aile Sağlığı ve Planlaması Vakfı. Pandemi Öncesi ve Sırasında Türkiye’de Cinsel Sağlık ve Üreme Sağlığı Hizmetleri İzleme Raporu İstanbul 2021. google scholar
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  • 34. Schell CO, Reilly M, Rosling H, Peterson S, Ekström AM. Socioeconomic determinants of infant mortality: a worldwide study of 152 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Scand J Public Health. 2007;35(3):288-97. Epub 2007/05/29. doi: 10.1080/14034940600979171. PubMed PMID: 17530551. google scholar
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  • 37. Chung H, Muntaner C. Political and welfare state determinants of infant and child health indicators: an analysis of wealthy countries. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(3):829-42. Epub 2006/04/01. doi: 10.1016/j. socscimed.2006.01.030. PubMed PMID: 16574291. google scholar
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  • 41. Mirzazadeh A, Holakouie Naieni K, Rashidian A, Vazirian P, Moradi G, Malekafzali H. Millennium Development Goal Four; Child and Infant Mortality, Achievements in Economic Cooperation Organization Countries: An Ecological Study. Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics 2013;4(2):99-104. google scholar
  • 42. Kayaalp GT, Güney MÇ, Cebeci Z. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon modelinde değişken seçiminin zootekniye uygulanışı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2015;30(1):1-8. google scholar
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Türkiye’de Bebek Ölüm Hızı ve Beş Yaş Altı Çocuk Ölüm Hızıyla İlişkili Etmenler: İl Verileriyle Ekolojik Bir Araştırma

Year 2021, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 221 - 230, 14.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2021.993630

Abstract

Amaç: Türkiye’de bebek ölüm hızı (BÖH) ve beş yaş altı ölüm hızı (BYAÖH) ile ilişkili etmenleri saptamak amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) ve Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın il bazlı verileri kullanılarak ekolojik tipte bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Bulgular: BÖH ve BYAÖH’nin (r değerleri bu iki parametre için sırası ile belirtilmiştir), toplam doğurganlık hızı (TDH) (r=0,661/r=0,718), adölesan doğumların toplam doğumlar içindeki oranı (r=0,542/r=0,587), kişi başı Gayrisafi Yurt İçi Hasıla (GYSH) (r=-0,555/r=-0,591), 18 yaş ve üzeri için lise ve üzeri eğitim alan kadınların oranı (r=-0,434/r=-0,470), yüz bin kişiye düşen hekim sayısı (r=-0,352/r=-0,398), yüz bin kişiye düşen hastane yatak sayısı (r=-0,244/r=-0,286), bin doğuma düşen yeni doğan yoğun bakım yatak sayısı (r=-0,324/r=-0,359) ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkisi vardır. BÖH için iki değişkenli modellerde, yüz bin kişiye düşen hastane yatak sayısı haricinde yukarıda belirtilen parametrelerin tümünün modele etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. BYAÖH için iki değişkenli modellerde yukarıda belirtilen parametrelerin tümünün modele etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. TDH, Hem BÖH (standardize β=0,621, R2=0,385) hem de BYAÖH (standardize β=0,667, R2=0,445) için çok değişkenli modele etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunan tek değişkendir. Sonuç: Sağlık insan gücü ve yatak sayısı ile ilişkili değişkenler için zayıf ilişki saptanması, sağlık hizmet sunumunun etkisinin daha dolaylı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bebek ve çocuk ölümlerine yönelik sağlığı geliştirme programları, yüksek doğurganlık tercihlerini değiştirmeye ve adölesan gebelikleri önlemeye yönelik olarak geliştirilebilir. Gelir dağılımını düzeltici ekonomi politikaları ve kız çocuklarının eğitimini artırmaya yönelik girişimler, bebekler ve çocuklar için hayat kurtarıcı olabilir.

References

  • 1. World Health Organization. Children: improving survival and well-being: 2020 [updated 08.09.2020; cited 2021 01.08.2021]. Available from: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/children-reducing-mortality. google scholar
  • 2. World Health Organization. The Global Health Observatory: [cited 2021 01.08.2021]. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/ data/themes/topics/indicator- groups/indicator-group-details/ GHO/infant-mortality. google scholar
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  • 4. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2019 Ankara 2021. google scholar
  • 5. Theodore Tulchinsky, Varavikova E. Yeni Halk Sağlığı Palme Yayıncılık; 2018. google scholar
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  • 8. Burstein R, Henry NJ, Collison ML, Marczak LB, Sligar A, Watson S, et al. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017. Nature 2019;574(7778):353-8. Epub 2019/10/18. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1545-0. google scholar
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  • 14. Metintaş S, Emrah A. Dermatolojik Hastaliklarda Araştirma Yöntemleri. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi 2019;4:1-26. google scholar
  • 15. Metintas S, Arikan I, Fidan H, Kalyoncu C, Goktepe M. Identification of variables affecting infant mortality rate in Eskisehir (Turkey). Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2010;26(1). google scholar
  • 16. Semra Ay EE, Cemil Özcan Türkiye’de kadın ve çocuk sağlığı ile ilgili bazı ölçütler ile sosyo-ekonomik degişkenler arasındaki ilişki: Bir ekolojik çalışma. Toplum ve Hekim 2004;19(2):83-91. google scholar
  • 17. TÜİK. Merkezi Dağıtım Sistemi 2021 [cited 2021 21.05.2021]. Available from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr. google scholar
  • 18. TÜİK. İl Göstergeleri Gösterge Uygulaması 2021 [cited 2021 21.05.2021]. Available from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/ ilgosterge/?locale=tr. google scholar
  • 19. Kamu Hastaneleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Kamu Hastaneleri İstatistik Raporu 2017. Ankara 2018. google scholar
  • 20. Akoglu H. User’s guide to correlation coefficients. Turk J Emerg Med 2018;18(3):91-3. Epub 2018/09/08. doi: 10.1016/j. tjem.2018.08.001. PubMed PMID: 30191186; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6107969. google scholar
  • 21. Ratner B. The correlation coefficient: Its values range between+ 1/- 1, or do they? Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing 2009;17(2):139-42. google scholar
  • 22. Bezerra Filho JG, Pontes LR, Minâ Dde L, Barreto ML. Infant mortality and sociodemographic conditions in Cearâ, Brazil, 1991 and 2000. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(6):1023- 31. Epub 2007/12/11. doi: 10.1590/s0034-89102007000600018. PubMed PMID: 18066472. google scholar
  • 23. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Bebek Ölümleri İzleme Sistemi [cited 2021 21.08.2021]. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/cocukergen-bois- liste/bebek-%C3%B6l%C3%BCmleri-izleme-sistemi.html. google scholar
  • 24. Khazaei S, Ayubi E, Nematollahi S. Variations of infant and under-five child mortality rates around the world, the role of human development index (HDI). International Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;4(5):1671-7. google scholar
  • 25. Chuang YC, Sung PW, Chao HJ, Bai CH, Chang CJ. A longitudinal ecological study of the influences of political, economic, and health services characteristics on under- five mortality in less-developed countries. Health Place. 2013;23:111-21. Epub 2013/07/09. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.05.007. PubMed PMID: 23832128. google scholar
  • 26. TÜİK. Doğum İstatistikleri 2020. [cited 01.07.2021]. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dogum-Istatistikleri-2020-37229 google scholar
  • 27. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması. Ankara, 2019. google scholar
  • 28. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması Suriyeli Göçmen Örneklemi. Ankara, 2019. google scholar
  • 29. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. Türkiye’de Karşılanmamış Aile Planlaması İhtiyacı Küresel Hedefler Yerel Koşullar Ankara 2020. Available from: http://www.hips.hacettepe. edu.tr/TR_karsilanmamis_aile_planlamasi.pdf google scholar
  • 30. Riley T, Sully E, Ahmed Z, Biddlecom A. Estimates of the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sexual and Reproductive Health In Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2020;46:73-6. Epub 2020/04/29. doi: 10.1363/46e9020. PubMed PMID: 32343244. google scholar
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  • 32. Türkiye Aile Sağlığı ve Planlaması Vakfı. Pandemi Öncesi ve Sırasında Türkiye’de Cinsel Sağlık ve Üreme Sağlığı Hizmetleri İzleme Raporu İstanbul 2021. google scholar
  • 33. Sartorius BK, Sartorius K. Global infant mortality trends and attributable determinants-an ecological study using data from 192 countries for the period 1990-2011. Population Health Metrics. 2014;12(1):1-15. google scholar
  • 34. Schell CO, Reilly M, Rosling H, Peterson S, Ekström AM. Socioeconomic determinants of infant mortality: a worldwide study of 152 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Scand J Public Health. 2007;35(3):288-97. Epub 2007/05/29. doi: 10.1080/14034940600979171. PubMed PMID: 17530551. google scholar
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  • 36. Mukherjee A, Bhattacherjee S, Dasgupta S. Determinants of infant mortality in rural India: An ecological study. Indian journal of public health. 2019;63(1):27. google scholar
  • 37. Chung H, Muntaner C. Political and welfare state determinants of infant and child health indicators: an analysis of wealthy countries. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(3):829-42. Epub 2006/04/01. doi: 10.1016/j. socscimed.2006.01.030. PubMed PMID: 16574291. google scholar
  • 38. Olafsdottir AE, Reidpath DD, Pokhrel S, Allotey P. Health systems performance in sub-Saharan Africa: governance, outcome and equity. BMC Public Health 2011;11:237. Epub 2011/04/19. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-237. PubMed PMID: 21496303; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3095561. google scholar
  • 39. Kipp AM, Blevins M, Haley CA, Mwinga K, Habimana P, Shepherd BE, et al. Factors associated with declining under-five mortality rates from 2000 to 2013: an ecological analysis of 46 African countries. BMJ Open 2016;6(1):e007675. Epub 2016/01/10. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007675. PubMed PMID: 26747029; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4716228. google scholar
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  • 41. Mirzazadeh A, Holakouie Naieni K, Rashidian A, Vazirian P, Moradi G, Malekafzali H. Millennium Development Goal Four; Child and Infant Mortality, Achievements in Economic Cooperation Organization Countries: An Ecological Study. Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics 2013;4(2):99-104. google scholar
  • 42. Kayaalp GT, Güney MÇ, Cebeci Z. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon modelinde değişken seçiminin zootekniye uygulanışı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2015;30(1):1-8. google scholar
  • 43. Gökgöz F. Çoklu Doğrusallık Sorunu Ankara Üniversitesi 2021 [cited 2021 01.07.2021]. Available from: https://acikders.ankara. edu.tr/pluginfile.php/130808/mod_resource/content/0/7-%20 %C3%87oklu%20do%C4%9Frusall%C4%B1k.pdf. google scholar
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Paediatrics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hakan Tüzün 0000-0002-6376-8979

Publication Date January 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 21 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tüzün, H. (2022). Factors Related to Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate in Turkey: An Ecological Study with Provincial Data. Journal of Child, 21(3), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2021.993630
AMA Tüzün H. Factors Related to Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate in Turkey: An Ecological Study with Provincial Data. Journal of Child. January 2022;21(3):221-230. doi:10.26650/jchild.2021.993630
Chicago Tüzün, Hakan. “Factors Related to Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate in Turkey: An Ecological Study With Provincial Data”. Journal of Child 21, no. 3 (January 2022): 221-30. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2021.993630.
EndNote Tüzün H (January 1, 2022) Factors Related to Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate in Turkey: An Ecological Study with Provincial Data. Journal of Child 21 3 221–230.
IEEE H. Tüzün, “Factors Related to Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate in Turkey: An Ecological Study with Provincial Data”, Journal of Child, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 221–230, 2022, doi: 10.26650/jchild.2021.993630.
ISNAD Tüzün, Hakan. “Factors Related to Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate in Turkey: An Ecological Study With Provincial Data”. Journal of Child 21/3 (January 2022), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2021.993630.
JAMA Tüzün H. Factors Related to Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate in Turkey: An Ecological Study with Provincial Data. Journal of Child. 2022;21:221–230.
MLA Tüzün, Hakan. “Factors Related to Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate in Turkey: An Ecological Study With Provincial Data”. Journal of Child, vol. 21, no. 3, 2022, pp. 221-30, doi:10.26650/jchild.2021.993630.
Vancouver Tüzün H. Factors Related to Infant Mortality Rate and Under-Five Mortality Rate in Turkey: An Ecological Study with Provincial Data. Journal of Child. 2022;21(3):221-30.