Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Alperen Bıkmazer; Esra Altınbilek; Beyza Gurel; Fulya Bakir; Bilgihan Bikmazer; Vahdet Görmez

doi:10.26650/jchild.2022.1111942

Clinical Research

Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Year 2022, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 159 - 165, 29.12.2022

Alperen Bıkmazer , Esra Altınbilek Beyza Gurel Fulya Bakir Bilgihan Bikmazer Vahdet Görmez

https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2022.1111942

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between sleep habits and maternal psychopathology in children with autism spectrum disorder, and to compare them with children with developmental delay and typically developing children.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 131 children aged 18-42 months who applied to the neurodevelopmental delay clinic were evaluated. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale was administered by a clinician. Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire and Symptom Checklist 90 were filled in by mothers.
Results: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder were found to have more sleep onset delay and sleep anxiety than children with developmental delay and typical development. A relationship was found between sleep problems in children and psychiatric problems of mothers.

Conclusion: A comprehensive evaluation including sleep problems and parental mental health evaluation while performing neurodevelopmental evaluation provides important data both in the diagnosis and the rehabilitation processes.

Keywords

Autism, maternal psychopathology, sleep habits

References

1. Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al., National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations: final report. Sleep Health 2015;1(4):233-43. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004. google scholar
2. Sadeh A, Anders TF. Infant sleep problems: Origins, assessment, interventions. Inf Mental Health J 1993;14(1):17-34. doi: 10.1002/1097-0355(199321)14:1<17::AID-IMHJ2280140103>3.0.CO;2-Q google scholar
3. Lam P, Hiscock H, Wake M. Outcomes of infant sleep problems: a longitudinal study of sleep, behavior, and maternal well-being. Pediatrics 2003;111(3):e203-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.111.3.e203. google scholar
4. Covington LB, Armstrong B, Black MM. Perceived toddler sleep problems, co-sleeping, and maternal sleep and mental health. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2018;39(3):238-45. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000535. google scholar
5. Boles RE, Halbower AC, Daniels S, Gunnarsdottir T, Whitesell N, Johnson SL. Family chaos and child functioning in relation to sleep problems among children at risk for obesity. Behav Sleep Med 2017;15(2):114-28. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2015.1104687. google scholar
6. Mindell JA, Sadeh A, Wiegand B, How TH, Goh DY. Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep. Sleep Med 2010;11(3):274-80. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.04.012. google scholar
7. Sadeh A, Tikotzky L, Scher A. Parenting and infant sleep. Sleep Med Rev 2010;14(2):89-96. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.003. google scholar
8. Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP, Lopez-Wagner MC, Hodge D, Nam CY, Botts BH. Children with autism: Sleep problems and mothers’ stress. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 2008;23(3):155-65. doi: 10.1177/1088357608316271. google scholar
9. Meltzer LJ, Mindell JA. Relationship between child sleep disturbances and maternal sleep, mood, and parenting stress: a pilot study. J Fam Psychol 2007;21(1):67-73. doi: 10.1037/0893- 3200.21.1.67. google scholar
10. Warren SL, Howe G, Simmens SJ, Dahl RE. Maternal depressive symptoms and child sleep: models of mutual influence over time. Dev Psychopathol 2006;18(1):1-16. doi: 10.1017/S0954579406060019. google scholar
11. O’Connor TG, Caprariello P, Blackmore ER, Gregory AM, Glover V, Fleming P; ALSPAC Study Team. Prenatal mood disturbance predicts sleep problems in infancy and toddlerhood. Early Hum Dev 2007;83(7):451-8. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.08.006. google scholar
12. Wake M, Morton-Allen E, Poulakis Z, Hiscock H, Gallagher S, Oberklaid F. Prevalence, stability, and outcomes of cry-fuss and sleep problems in the first 2 years of life: prospective community-based study. Pediatrics 2006;117(3):836-42. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-0775. google scholar
13. Krakowiak P, Goodlin-Jones B, Hertz-Picciotto I, Croen LA, Hansen RL. Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays, and typical development: a population-based study. J Sleep Res 2008;17(2):197-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00650.x. Erratum in: J Sleep Res 2012;21(2):231. google scholar
14. Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP, Gilliam JE, Apodaca DD, Lopez-Wagner MC, Castillo MM. Sleep problems and symptomology in children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 2005;20(4):194-200. google scholar
15. DeVincent CJ, Gadow KD, Delosh D, Geller L. Sleep disturbance and its relation to DSM-IV psychiatric symptoms in preschool-age children with pervasive developmental disorder and community controls. J Child Neurol 2007;22(2):161-9. doi: 10.1177/0883073807300310. google scholar
16. Schreck KA, Mulick JA, Smith AF. Sleep problems as possible predictors of intensified symptoms of autism. Res Dev Disabil 2004;25(1):57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2003.04.007. google scholar
17. Robinson AM, Richdale AL. Sleep problems in children with an intellectual disability: parental perceptions of sleep problems, and views of treatment effectiveness. Child Care Health Dev 2004;30(2):139-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2004.00395.x. google scholar
18. Cohen S, Conduit R, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SM, Cornish KM. The relationship between sleep and behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a review. J Neurodev Disord 2014;6(1):44. doi: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-44. google scholar
19. Verhoeff ME, Blanken LME, Kocevska D, Mileva-Seitz VR, Jaddoe VWV, White T, et al. The bidirectional association between sleep problems and autism spectrum disorder: a population-based cohort study. Mol Autism 2018;9:8. doi: 10.1186/s13229-018-0194-8. google scholar
20. Schopler E, Reichler RJ, DeVellis RF, Daly K. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). J Autism Dev Disord 1980;10(1):91-103. doi: 10.1007/BF02408436. google scholar
21. İncekaş Gassaloğlu S, Baykara B, Avcil S, Demiral Y. Çocukluk Otizmi Derecelendirme Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması [Validity and Reliability Analysis of Turkish Version of Childhood Autism Rating Scale]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2016;27(4):266-74. google scholar
22. Owens JA, Spirito A, McGuinn M. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep 2000 15;23(8):1043-51. google scholar
23. Goodlin-Jones BL, Sitnick SL, Tang K, Liu J, Anders TF. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire in toddlers and preschool children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2008;29(2):82-8. doi: 10.1097/dbp.0b013e318163c39a. google scholar
24. Perdahlı Fis N, Arman A, Ay P, Topuzoglu A, Gueler AS, Imren SG, et al., The validity and the reliability of Turkish Version of Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Anatolian J of Psychiatry 2010;11(2):151-60. google scholar
25. Derogatis LR, Lipman R, Covi L. SCL-90 Administration, scoring and procedures manual-I for the R (revised) version and other instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scales Series. Chicago: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1977. google scholar
26. Kılıç M. Belirti Tarama Listesi (SCL-90-R)’nin geçerlilik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi 1991;1(2):45-52. google scholar
27. Cibralic S, Kohlhoff J, Wallace N, McMahon C, Eapen V. A systematic review of emotion regulation in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2019;68:101422. google scholar
28. Reynolds AM, Soke GN, Sabourin KR, Hepburn S, Katz T, Wiggins LD, et al. Sleep problems in 2- to 5-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental delays. Pediatrics 2019;143(3):e20180492. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-0492. google scholar
29. Hodge D, Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP, Riggs ML. Relationship between children’s sleep and mental health in mothers of children with and without autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2013;43(4):956-63. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1639-0. google scholar
30. Richdale AL, Schreck KA. Examining sleep hygiene factors and sleep in young children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2019;57:154-62. google scholar
31. Hoyniak CP, Bates JE, McQuillan ME, Staples AD, Petersen IT, Rudasill KM. Sleep across early childhood: implications for internalizing and externalizing problems, socioemotional skills, and cognitive and academic abilities in preschool. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020;61(10):1080-91. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13225. google scholar
32. Mindell JA, Leichman ES, DuMond C, Sadeh A. Sleep and social-emotional development in infants and toddlers. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2017;46(2):236-46. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1188701. google scholar
33. Goldman SE, Richdale AL, Clemons T, Malow BA. Parental sleep concerns in autism spectrum disorders: variations from childhood to adolescence. J Autism Dev Disord 2012;42(4):531-8. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1270-5. google scholar
34. Doo S, Wing YK. Sleep problems of children with pervasive developmental disorders: correlation with parental stress. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006;48(8):650-5. doi: 10.1017/S001216220600137X. google scholar
35. Horiuchi F, Kawabe K, Oka Y, Nakachi K, Hosokawa R, Ueno SI. The association between autistic traits and sleep habits/problems in toddlers. Dev Neuropsychol 2020;45(7-8):485-95. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1865357. google scholar
36. Liu X, Hubbard JA, Fabes RA, Adam JB. Sleep disturbances and correlates of children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2006;37(2):179-91. doi: 10.1007/s10578-006-0028-3. google scholar
37. Cortesi F, Giannotti F, Ivanenko A, Johnson K. Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Sleep Med 2010;11(7):659-64. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.01.010. google scholar
38. Levin A, Scher A. Sleep problems in young children with autism spectrum disorders: A study of parenting stress, mothers’ sleep-related cognitions, and bedtime behaviors. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016;22(11):921-7. doi: 10.1111/cns.12651. google scholar
39. Schnabel A, Youssef GJ, Hallford DJ, Hartley EJ, McGillivray JA, Stewart M, et al. Psychopathology in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. Autism 2020;24(1):26-40. doi: 10.1177/1362361319844636. google scholar
40. Bonis S. Stress and parents of children with autism: A review of literature. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2016;37(3):153-63. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2015.1116030. google scholar

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan ve Olmayan Çocuklarda Uyku Alışkanlıkları ile Maternal Psikopatoloji Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2022, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 159 - 165, 29.12.2022

Alperen Bıkmazer , Esra Altınbilek Beyza Gurel Fulya Bakir Bilgihan Bikmazer Vahdet Görmez

https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2022.1111942

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda uyku alışkanlıkları ile anne psikopatolojisi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve gelişimsel gecikmesi olan çocuklar ve tipik gelişim gösteren çocuklar ile karşılaştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu kesitsel araştırmada, nörogelişimsel gecikme kliniğine başvuran 18-42 ay arasındaki 131 çocuk değerlendirilmiştir. Klinisyen tarafından Çocukluk Otizmi Derecelendirme Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Anneler tarafından Çocuk Uyku Alışkanlıkları Anketi ve Belirti Tarama Listesi 90 doldurulmuştur.

Bulgular: Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu olan çocuklarda uykuya geçişte gecikme ve uyku anksiyetesinin gelişimsel gecikmesi olan ve tipik gelişim gösteren çocuklardan daha fazla olduğu bulunmuştur. Çocuklarda uyku problemleri ile annelerin psikiyatrik problemleri arasında ilişki saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Nörogelişimsel değerlendirme yapılırken uyku problemleri ve ebeveyn ruh sağlığı değerlendirmesini de içeren kapsamlı bir değerlendirme hem tanı hem de rehabilitasyon sürecinde önemli veriler sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

Otizm, maternal psikopatoloji, uyku alışkanlıkları

References

1. Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al., National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations: final report. Sleep Health 2015;1(4):233-43. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004. google scholar
2. Sadeh A, Anders TF. Infant sleep problems: Origins, assessment, interventions. Inf Mental Health J 1993;14(1):17-34. doi: 10.1002/1097-0355(199321)14:1<17::AID-IMHJ2280140103>3.0.CO;2-Q google scholar
3. Lam P, Hiscock H, Wake M. Outcomes of infant sleep problems: a longitudinal study of sleep, behavior, and maternal well-being. Pediatrics 2003;111(3):e203-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.111.3.e203. google scholar
4. Covington LB, Armstrong B, Black MM. Perceived toddler sleep problems, co-sleeping, and maternal sleep and mental health. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2018;39(3):238-45. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000535. google scholar
5. Boles RE, Halbower AC, Daniels S, Gunnarsdottir T, Whitesell N, Johnson SL. Family chaos and child functioning in relation to sleep problems among children at risk for obesity. Behav Sleep Med 2017;15(2):114-28. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2015.1104687. google scholar
6. Mindell JA, Sadeh A, Wiegand B, How TH, Goh DY. Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep. Sleep Med 2010;11(3):274-80. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.04.012. google scholar
7. Sadeh A, Tikotzky L, Scher A. Parenting and infant sleep. Sleep Med Rev 2010;14(2):89-96. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.003. google scholar
8. Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP, Lopez-Wagner MC, Hodge D, Nam CY, Botts BH. Children with autism: Sleep problems and mothers’ stress. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 2008;23(3):155-65. doi: 10.1177/1088357608316271. google scholar
9. Meltzer LJ, Mindell JA. Relationship between child sleep disturbances and maternal sleep, mood, and parenting stress: a pilot study. J Fam Psychol 2007;21(1):67-73. doi: 10.1037/0893- 3200.21.1.67. google scholar
10. Warren SL, Howe G, Simmens SJ, Dahl RE. Maternal depressive symptoms and child sleep: models of mutual influence over time. Dev Psychopathol 2006;18(1):1-16. doi: 10.1017/S0954579406060019. google scholar
11. O’Connor TG, Caprariello P, Blackmore ER, Gregory AM, Glover V, Fleming P; ALSPAC Study Team. Prenatal mood disturbance predicts sleep problems in infancy and toddlerhood. Early Hum Dev 2007;83(7):451-8. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.08.006. google scholar
12. Wake M, Morton-Allen E, Poulakis Z, Hiscock H, Gallagher S, Oberklaid F. Prevalence, stability, and outcomes of cry-fuss and sleep problems in the first 2 years of life: prospective community-based study. Pediatrics 2006;117(3):836-42. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-0775. google scholar
13. Krakowiak P, Goodlin-Jones B, Hertz-Picciotto I, Croen LA, Hansen RL. Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays, and typical development: a population-based study. J Sleep Res 2008;17(2):197-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00650.x. Erratum in: J Sleep Res 2012;21(2):231. google scholar
14. Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP, Gilliam JE, Apodaca DD, Lopez-Wagner MC, Castillo MM. Sleep problems and symptomology in children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 2005;20(4):194-200. google scholar
15. DeVincent CJ, Gadow KD, Delosh D, Geller L. Sleep disturbance and its relation to DSM-IV psychiatric symptoms in preschool-age children with pervasive developmental disorder and community controls. J Child Neurol 2007;22(2):161-9. doi: 10.1177/0883073807300310. google scholar
16. Schreck KA, Mulick JA, Smith AF. Sleep problems as possible predictors of intensified symptoms of autism. Res Dev Disabil 2004;25(1):57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2003.04.007. google scholar
17. Robinson AM, Richdale AL. Sleep problems in children with an intellectual disability: parental perceptions of sleep problems, and views of treatment effectiveness. Child Care Health Dev 2004;30(2):139-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2004.00395.x. google scholar
18. Cohen S, Conduit R, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SM, Cornish KM. The relationship between sleep and behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a review. J Neurodev Disord 2014;6(1):44. doi: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-44. google scholar
19. Verhoeff ME, Blanken LME, Kocevska D, Mileva-Seitz VR, Jaddoe VWV, White T, et al. The bidirectional association between sleep problems and autism spectrum disorder: a population-based cohort study. Mol Autism 2018;9:8. doi: 10.1186/s13229-018-0194-8. google scholar
20. Schopler E, Reichler RJ, DeVellis RF, Daly K. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). J Autism Dev Disord 1980;10(1):91-103. doi: 10.1007/BF02408436. google scholar
21. İncekaş Gassaloğlu S, Baykara B, Avcil S, Demiral Y. Çocukluk Otizmi Derecelendirme Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması [Validity and Reliability Analysis of Turkish Version of Childhood Autism Rating Scale]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2016;27(4):266-74. google scholar
22. Owens JA, Spirito A, McGuinn M. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep 2000 15;23(8):1043-51. google scholar
23. Goodlin-Jones BL, Sitnick SL, Tang K, Liu J, Anders TF. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire in toddlers and preschool children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2008;29(2):82-8. doi: 10.1097/dbp.0b013e318163c39a. google scholar
24. Perdahlı Fis N, Arman A, Ay P, Topuzoglu A, Gueler AS, Imren SG, et al., The validity and the reliability of Turkish Version of Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Anatolian J of Psychiatry 2010;11(2):151-60. google scholar
25. Derogatis LR, Lipman R, Covi L. SCL-90 Administration, scoring and procedures manual-I for the R (revised) version and other instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scales Series. Chicago: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1977. google scholar
26. Kılıç M. Belirti Tarama Listesi (SCL-90-R)’nin geçerlilik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi 1991;1(2):45-52. google scholar
27. Cibralic S, Kohlhoff J, Wallace N, McMahon C, Eapen V. A systematic review of emotion regulation in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2019;68:101422. google scholar
28. Reynolds AM, Soke GN, Sabourin KR, Hepburn S, Katz T, Wiggins LD, et al. Sleep problems in 2- to 5-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental delays. Pediatrics 2019;143(3):e20180492. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-0492. google scholar
29. Hodge D, Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP, Riggs ML. Relationship between children’s sleep and mental health in mothers of children with and without autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2013;43(4):956-63. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1639-0. google scholar
30. Richdale AL, Schreck KA. Examining sleep hygiene factors and sleep in young children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2019;57:154-62. google scholar
31. Hoyniak CP, Bates JE, McQuillan ME, Staples AD, Petersen IT, Rudasill KM. Sleep across early childhood: implications for internalizing and externalizing problems, socioemotional skills, and cognitive and academic abilities in preschool. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020;61(10):1080-91. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13225. google scholar
32. Mindell JA, Leichman ES, DuMond C, Sadeh A. Sleep and social-emotional development in infants and toddlers. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2017;46(2):236-46. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1188701. google scholar
33. Goldman SE, Richdale AL, Clemons T, Malow BA. Parental sleep concerns in autism spectrum disorders: variations from childhood to adolescence. J Autism Dev Disord 2012;42(4):531-8. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1270-5. google scholar
34. Doo S, Wing YK. Sleep problems of children with pervasive developmental disorders: correlation with parental stress. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006;48(8):650-5. doi: 10.1017/S001216220600137X. google scholar
35. Horiuchi F, Kawabe K, Oka Y, Nakachi K, Hosokawa R, Ueno SI. The association between autistic traits and sleep habits/problems in toddlers. Dev Neuropsychol 2020;45(7-8):485-95. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1865357. google scholar
36. Liu X, Hubbard JA, Fabes RA, Adam JB. Sleep disturbances and correlates of children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2006;37(2):179-91. doi: 10.1007/s10578-006-0028-3. google scholar
37. Cortesi F, Giannotti F, Ivanenko A, Johnson K. Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Sleep Med 2010;11(7):659-64. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.01.010. google scholar
38. Levin A, Scher A. Sleep problems in young children with autism spectrum disorders: A study of parenting stress, mothers’ sleep-related cognitions, and bedtime behaviors. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016;22(11):921-7. doi: 10.1111/cns.12651. google scholar
39. Schnabel A, Youssef GJ, Hallford DJ, Hartley EJ, McGillivray JA, Stewart M, et al. Psychopathology in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. Autism 2020;24(1):26-40. doi: 10.1177/1362361319844636. google scholar
40. Bonis S. Stress and parents of children with autism: A review of literature. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2016;37(3):153-63. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2015.1116030. google scholar

There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Paediatrics
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Alperen Bıkmazer 0000-0001-8219-8185 Esra Altınbilek This is me 0000-0002-6113-4614 Beyza Gurel This is me 0000-0001-7294-4500 Fulya Bakir This is me 0000-0001-7375-5779 Bilgihan Bikmazer This is me 0000-0003-1974-8951 Vahdet Görmez 0000-0002-2704-9520
Publication Date	December 29, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2022 Volume: 22 Issue: 3

Cite

APA	Bıkmazer, A., Altınbilek, E., Gurel, B., Bakir, F., et al. (2022). Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Çocuk Dergisi, 22(3), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2022.1111942
AMA	Bıkmazer A, Altınbilek E, Gurel B, Bakir F, Bikmazer B, Görmez V. Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Çocuk Dergisi. December 2022;22(3):159-165. doi:10.26650/jchild.2022.1111942
Chicago	Bıkmazer, Alperen, Esra Altınbilek, Beyza Gurel, Fulya Bakir, Bilgihan Bikmazer, and Vahdet Görmez. “Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder”. Çocuk Dergisi 22, no. 3 (December 2022): 159-65. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2022.1111942.
EndNote	Bıkmazer A, Altınbilek E, Gurel B, Bakir F, Bikmazer B, Görmez V (December 1, 2022) Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Çocuk Dergisi 22 3 159–165.
IEEE	A. Bıkmazer, E. Altınbilek, B. Gurel, F. Bakir, B. Bikmazer, and V. Görmez, “Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder”, Çocuk Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 159–165, 2022, doi: 10.26650/jchild.2022.1111942.
ISNAD	Bıkmazer, Alperen et al. “Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder”. Çocuk Dergisi 22/3 (December 2022), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2022.1111942.
JAMA	Bıkmazer A, Altınbilek E, Gurel B, Bakir F, Bikmazer B, Görmez V. Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Çocuk Dergisi. 2022;22:159–165.
MLA	Bıkmazer, Alperen et al. “Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder”. Çocuk Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 3, 2022, pp. 159-65, doi:10.26650/jchild.2022.1111942.
Vancouver	Bıkmazer A, Altınbilek E, Gurel B, Bakir F, Bikmazer B, Görmez V. Relationship Between Sleep Habits and Maternal Psychopathology in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Çocuk Dergisi. 2022;22(3):159-65.

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