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Factors Affecting Thyroid Volume and the Incidence of Nodules With Goiter School-Aged Children

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 147 - 153, 03.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2024.1497102

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the associations between age, sex, anthropometric factors, and thyroid volume as well as to determine the prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodules in school children.

Methods: This study included schools governed by the Ministry of Education in Van province. Sonographic evaluations of thyroid glands were conducted in children aged 6–17 years, and measurements of weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, and skinfold thickness were obtained from the participants.

Results: A total of 2284 school children were included in the study. The median age of the participants was 11.08 years. It was observed that thyroid volume exhibited a positive correlation with age, body surface area, body mass index, height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and subscapular skinfold thickness (p < 0.008). When assessing the association between age and goiter prevalence based on World Health Organization parameters, 10.2% of children and adolescents developed goiter, and 0.8% of these cases also had a nodule. Among girls, the rates were 9.4% and 1% for goiter and nodules, respectively, whereas among boys, the rates were 11.3% and 0.7%, respectively.

Conclusions: Thyroid volume was affected by age, weight, subcutaneous tissue thickness, waist circumference, and BSA. Goiter remains a serious public health problem among school-age children in Van province.

References

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  • Bauer AJ, Francis GL. Evaluation and management of thyroid nodules in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016;28(4):536-544. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000364 google scholar
  • Fryar CD, Gu Q, Ogden CL, Flegal KM. Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Vital Health Stat 3 Anal Stud. 2016;(39):1-46. google scholar
  • Looney DP, Potter AW, Arcidiacono DM, Santee WR, Friedl KE. Body surface area equations for physically active men and women. Am J Hum Biol. 2023;35(2):e23823. doi:10.1002/ajhb.23823 google scholar
  • Lee EY, Yoon KH. Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: risk factors and prevention. Front Med. 2018;12(6):658-666. doi:10.1007/s11684-018-0640-1 google scholar
  • Bravo G, Bragança S, Arezes PM, Molenbroek JFM, Castellucci HI. A literature review of anthropometric studies of school students for ergonomics purposes: Are accuracy, precision and reliability being considered?. Work. 2018;60(1):3-17. doi:10.3233/WOR-182719 google scholar
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  • Wang N, Fang H, Fu C, et al. Associations of adiposity measurements with thyroid nodules in Chinese children living in iodine-sufficient areas: an observational study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(10):e016706. Published 2017 Oct 30. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-016706 google scholar
  • Bayram F, Borazan B, Torun E, Tanrıverdi F., Güven M., et al. The Prevalence of Endemic Goiter and Iodine Deficiency and Evaluation of Thyroid Functions in an Area of Central Anatolia, Turk J Endocrinol Metab 2003;1:37-43 google scholar
  • Xiao Y, Mao J, Mao X, et al. Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with thyroid volume in adolescents. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):176. Published 2021 Aug 28. doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00833-3 google scholar
  • Guo W, Tan L, Dong S, et al. New Reference Values for Thyroid Volume and a Comprehensive Assessment for Influencing Factors in Chinese Adults with Iodine Sufficiency. Eur Thyroid J. 2021;10(6):447-454. doi:10.1159/000513494 google scholar
  • Duarte GC, Tomimori EK, de Camargo RY, Catarino RM, Ferreira JE, Knobel M, Medeiros-Neto G.Excessive iodine intake and ultrasonographic thyroid abnormalities in schoolchildren. .. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr;22(4):327-34. google scholar
  • Kutlu R, Karaköse S, Güngör K, Kulaksizoğlu S. The goiter prevalence and urinary iodine levels among adolescents. Turk J Pediatr. 2011;53(2):161-168. google scholar
  • Kurtoglu S, Covut IE, Kendirci M, Uzum K, Durak AC, et al. Normal thyroid volume of children in Turkey: Pilot study in Kayseri province. IDD Newsletter 1995; 11:41-42. google scholar
  • Doğan M, Acikgoz E, Acikgoz M, Cesur Y, Ariyuca S, Bektas MS. The frequency of Hashimoto thyroiditis in children and the relationship between urinary iodine level and Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2011;24(1-2):75-80. doi: 10.1515/jpem.2011.115. google scholar
  • Sandy JL, Titmuss A, Hameed S, Cho YH, Sandler G, Benitez-Aguirre P. Thyroid nodules in children and adolescents: Investigation and management. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022;58(12):2163-2168. doi:10.1111/jpc.16257 google scholar
  • Lin Z, Lu C, Teng D, et al. Influencing Factors and New Reference Intervals of Adult Thyroid Volume in Iodine-Sufficient Areas of China. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023;201(12):5652-5661. doi:10.1007/ s12011-023-03635-x google scholar
  • Angermayr L, Clar C. WITHDRAWN: Iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;11(11):CD003819. Published 2018 Nov 29. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003819.pub3 google scholar
  • Chen W, Li X, Wu Y, et al. Associations between iodine intake, thyroid volume, and goiter rate in school-aged Chinese children from areas with high iodine drinking water concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105(1):228-233. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.139725 google scholar
Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 147 - 153, 03.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2024.1497102

Abstract

References

  • Andersson M, Braegger CP. The Role of Iodine for Thyroid Function in Lactating Women and Infants. Endocr Rev. 2022;43(3):469-506. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab029 google scholar
  • Manousou S, Dahl L, Heinsbaek Thuesen B, Hulthen L, Nyström Filipsson H. Iodine deficiency and nutrition in Scandinavia. Minerva Med. 2017;108(2):147-158. doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.16.04849-7 google scholar
  • Köhrle J. Selenium, Iodine and Iron-Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4):3393. Published 2023 Feb 8. doi:10.3390/ ijms24043393 google scholar
  • Châvez Valencia V, Mepa Rodriguez O, Viveros Sandoval ME, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome and its correlation with thyroid hormones in chronic haemodialysis patients. Prevalencia del smdrome complejo de malnutricion e inflamacion y su correlacion con las hormonas tiroideas en pacientes en hemodialisis cronica. Nefrologia (Engl Ed). 2018;38(1):57-63. doi:10.1016/j.nefro.2017.07.001 google scholar
  • Ersoy B, Günes HS, Gunay T, Yilmaz O, Kasirga E, et al. .Interaction of two public health problems in Turkish schoolchildren: nutritional deficiencies and goitre. Public Health Nutr. 2006 Dec;9(8):1001-6. google scholar
  • Korobitsyna R, Aksenov A, Sorokina T, Trofimova A, Grjibovski AM. Iodine Status of 6-12-Year-Old Children in Russia over the Past 10 Years: A Scoping Review. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):897. Published 2022 Feb 21. doi:10.3390/nu14040897 google scholar
  • Köse Aktaş A, Gökçay Canpolat A, Aydin Ü, et al. Intensifying Iodine Deficiency Throughout Trimesters of Pregnancy in a Borderline Iodine-Sufficient Urban Area, Ankara, Turkey. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022;200(6):2667-2672. doi:10.1007/s12011-021-02903-y google scholar
  • Anaforoğlu İ, Algün E, İnceçayır Ö, Topbaş M, Erdoğan MF. Iodine status among pregnant women after mandatory salt iodisation. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(3):405-410. doi:10.1017/S0007114515004559 google scholar
  • Bauer AJ, Francis GL. Evaluation and management of thyroid nodules in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016;28(4):536-544. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000364 google scholar
  • Fryar CD, Gu Q, Ogden CL, Flegal KM. Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Vital Health Stat 3 Anal Stud. 2016;(39):1-46. google scholar
  • Looney DP, Potter AW, Arcidiacono DM, Santee WR, Friedl KE. Body surface area equations for physically active men and women. Am J Hum Biol. 2023;35(2):e23823. doi:10.1002/ajhb.23823 google scholar
  • Lee EY, Yoon KH. Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: risk factors and prevention. Front Med. 2018;12(6):658-666. doi:10.1007/s11684-018-0640-1 google scholar
  • Bravo G, Bragança S, Arezes PM, Molenbroek JFM, Castellucci HI. A literature review of anthropometric studies of school students for ergonomics purposes: Are accuracy, precision and reliability being considered?. Work. 2018;60(1):3-17. doi:10.3233/WOR-182719 google scholar
  • Peterson S., Sanga A, Eklöf H, Bunga B, Taube A, et el. Classification of thyroid size by palpation and ultrasonography in field surveys. Lancet 2000; 355:106-10. google scholar
  • Lee YJ, Choi YH, Lim YH, et al. Effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine-replete area. Eur Thyroid J. 2023;12(6):e230219. Published 2023 Dec 18. doi:10.1530/ETJ-23-0219 google scholar
  • 41. DE Maeyer EM, Lowenstein FW, Thilly CH. The control of endemic goitre. WHO Publ, Genava, 1995. google scholar
  • Grani G, Sponziello M, Pecce V, Ramundo V, Durante C. Contemporary Thyroid Nodule Evaluation and Management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(9):2869-2883. doi:10.1210/ clinem/dgaa322 google scholar
  • Johnson A, Edwards C, Reddan T. A review of sonographic thyroid volume and iodine sufficiency in children: An Australian perspective. Australas J Ultrasound Med. 2019;23(1):33-38. Published 2019 Nov 1. doi:10.1002/ajum.12189 google scholar
  • Wang N, Fang H, Fu C, et al. Associations of adiposity measurements with thyroid nodules in Chinese children living in iodine-sufficient areas: an observational study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(10):e016706. Published 2017 Oct 30. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-016706 google scholar
  • Bayram F, Borazan B, Torun E, Tanrıverdi F., Güven M., et al. The Prevalence of Endemic Goiter and Iodine Deficiency and Evaluation of Thyroid Functions in an Area of Central Anatolia, Turk J Endocrinol Metab 2003;1:37-43 google scholar
  • Xiao Y, Mao J, Mao X, et al. Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with thyroid volume in adolescents. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):176. Published 2021 Aug 28. doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00833-3 google scholar
  • Guo W, Tan L, Dong S, et al. New Reference Values for Thyroid Volume and a Comprehensive Assessment for Influencing Factors in Chinese Adults with Iodine Sufficiency. Eur Thyroid J. 2021;10(6):447-454. doi:10.1159/000513494 google scholar
  • Duarte GC, Tomimori EK, de Camargo RY, Catarino RM, Ferreira JE, Knobel M, Medeiros-Neto G.Excessive iodine intake and ultrasonographic thyroid abnormalities in schoolchildren. .. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr;22(4):327-34. google scholar
  • Kutlu R, Karaköse S, Güngör K, Kulaksizoğlu S. The goiter prevalence and urinary iodine levels among adolescents. Turk J Pediatr. 2011;53(2):161-168. google scholar
  • Kurtoglu S, Covut IE, Kendirci M, Uzum K, Durak AC, et al. Normal thyroid volume of children in Turkey: Pilot study in Kayseri province. IDD Newsletter 1995; 11:41-42. google scholar
  • Doğan M, Acikgoz E, Acikgoz M, Cesur Y, Ariyuca S, Bektas MS. The frequency of Hashimoto thyroiditis in children and the relationship between urinary iodine level and Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2011;24(1-2):75-80. doi: 10.1515/jpem.2011.115. google scholar
  • Sandy JL, Titmuss A, Hameed S, Cho YH, Sandler G, Benitez-Aguirre P. Thyroid nodules in children and adolescents: Investigation and management. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022;58(12):2163-2168. doi:10.1111/jpc.16257 google scholar
  • Lin Z, Lu C, Teng D, et al. Influencing Factors and New Reference Intervals of Adult Thyroid Volume in Iodine-Sufficient Areas of China. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023;201(12):5652-5661. doi:10.1007/ s12011-023-03635-x google scholar
  • Angermayr L, Clar C. WITHDRAWN: Iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;11(11):CD003819. Published 2018 Nov 29. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003819.pub3 google scholar
  • Chen W, Li X, Wu Y, et al. Associations between iodine intake, thyroid volume, and goiter rate in school-aged Chinese children from areas with high iodine drinking water concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105(1):228-233. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.139725 google scholar
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pediatric Endocrinology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sultan Kaba 0000-0001-6410-363X

Murat Dogan 0000-0003-2198-1242

Alpaslan Yavuz 0000-0002-8796-988X

Sinan Kılıç 0000-0003-3454-5538

Publication Date January 3, 2025
Submission Date June 7, 2024
Acceptance Date August 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kaba, S., Dogan, M., Yavuz, A., Kılıç, S. (2025). Factors Affecting Thyroid Volume and the Incidence of Nodules With Goiter School-Aged Children. Çocuk Dergisi, 24(3), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2024.1497102
AMA Kaba S, Dogan M, Yavuz A, Kılıç S. Factors Affecting Thyroid Volume and the Incidence of Nodules With Goiter School-Aged Children. Çocuk Dergisi. January 2025;24(3):147-153. doi:10.26650/jchild.2024.1497102
Chicago Kaba, Sultan, Murat Dogan, Alpaslan Yavuz, and Sinan Kılıç. “Factors Affecting Thyroid Volume and the Incidence of Nodules With Goiter School-Aged Children”. Çocuk Dergisi 24, no. 3 (January 2025): 147-53. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2024.1497102.
EndNote Kaba S, Dogan M, Yavuz A, Kılıç S (January 1, 2025) Factors Affecting Thyroid Volume and the Incidence of Nodules With Goiter School-Aged Children. Çocuk Dergisi 24 3 147–153.
IEEE S. Kaba, M. Dogan, A. Yavuz, and S. Kılıç, “Factors Affecting Thyroid Volume and the Incidence of Nodules With Goiter School-Aged Children”, Çocuk Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 147–153, 2025, doi: 10.26650/jchild.2024.1497102.
ISNAD Kaba, Sultan et al. “Factors Affecting Thyroid Volume and the Incidence of Nodules With Goiter School-Aged Children”. Çocuk Dergisi 24/3 (January 2025), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2024.1497102.
JAMA Kaba S, Dogan M, Yavuz A, Kılıç S. Factors Affecting Thyroid Volume and the Incidence of Nodules With Goiter School-Aged Children. Çocuk Dergisi. 2025;24:147–153.
MLA Kaba, Sultan et al. “Factors Affecting Thyroid Volume and the Incidence of Nodules With Goiter School-Aged Children”. Çocuk Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 3, 2025, pp. 147-53, doi:10.26650/jchild.2024.1497102.
Vancouver Kaba S, Dogan M, Yavuz A, Kılıç S. Factors Affecting Thyroid Volume and the Incidence of Nodules With Goiter School-Aged Children. Çocuk Dergisi. 2025;24(3):147-53.