Açık Kapı-İstanbul’un Sosyo Ekonomik Analizi. (2021). http://www.istanbul.gov.tr/acik-kapiistanbulun-sosyo-ekonomik-analizi google scholar
Aloi, A., Alonso, B., Benavente, J., Cordera, R., Echániz, E., González, F., Ladisa, C., Lezama-Romanelli, R., López-Parra, Á., Mazzei, V., Perrucci, L., Prieto-Quintana, D., Rodríguez, A., & Sañudo, R. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Mobility: Empirical Evidence from the City of Santander (Spain). Sustainability, 12(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093870 google scholar
Beria, P., & Lunkar, V. (2021). Presence and mobility of the population during the first wave of Covid-19 outbreak and lockdown in Italy. Sustainable Cities and Society, 65, 102616. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2020.102616 google scholar
Bonaccorsi, G., Pierri, F., Cinelli, M., Flori, A., Galeazzi, A., Porcelli, F., Schmidt, A. L., Valensise, C. M., Scala, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Pammolli, F. (2020). Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(27), 15530-15535. https://doi. org/10.1073/pnas.2007658117 google scholar
Chan, J. (2020). The geography of social distancing in Canada: Evidence from facebook. Canadian Public Policy, 46(1), S19-S28. https://doi.org/10.3138/ google scholar
Chang, M.-C., Kahn, R., Li, Y.-A., Lee, C.-S., Buckee, C. O., & Chang, H.-H. (2020). Variation in human mobility and its impact on the risk of future COVID-19 outbreaks in Taiwan. MedRxiv, 2020.04.07.20053439. https:// doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20053439 google scholar
datastd-dev. (2022). Spatial Regression. GitHub. https://github.com/datastd-dev/SpatialRegression google scholar
Google. (2020). COVID-19 Community Mobility Report. https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility?hl=tr google scholar
Endeksa. (2017). https://www.endeksa.com/tr/ google scholar
İstanbul İlçeleri Haritası. (2022). https://www.haritatr.com/istanbul-ilceleri-s22 google scholar
Orro, A., Novales, M., Monteagudo, Â., Perez-Lopez, J. B., & Bugarin, M. R. (2020). Impact on City Bus Transit Services of the COVID-19 Lockdown and Return to the New Normal: The Case of A Coruna (Spain). Sustainability 2020, Vol. 12, Page 7206, 12(17), 7206. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12177206 google scholar
Rice, W. L., & Pan, B. (2021). Understanding changes in park visitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A spatial application of big data. Wellbeing, Space and Society, 2, 100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WSS.2021.100037 google scholar
Saha, J., Barman, B., & Chouhan, P. (2020). Lockdown for COVID-19 and its impact on community mobility in India: An analysis of the COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports, 2020. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105160. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHILDYOUTH.2020.105160 google scholar
Sulyok, M., & Walker, M. (2020). Community movement and covid-19: A global study using google’s community mobility reports. Epidemiology and Infection https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820002757 google scholar
NovaYear. (2019). Türkiye İl-İlçe Enlem ve Boylam Koordinatları. GitHub. https://gist.github.com/ NovaYear/4fe0fd530aca8b0e0bc0992b356fa32a google scholar
Vitiello, A., Ferrara, F., Auti, A. M., Di Domenico, M., & Boccellino, M. (2022). Advances in the Omicron variant development. Journal of Internal Medicine, 292(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13478 google scholar
Wen, L., Sheng, M., & Sharp, B. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on changes in community mobility and variation in transport modes. New Zealand Economic Papers, 56(1), 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2020.1870536 google scholar
WHO. (2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) — Events as they happen. https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen google scholar
WHO. (2022a). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int google scholar
WHO. (2022b). Türkiye—WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. https://covid19. who.int google scholar
Wielechowski, M., Czech, K., & Grzçda, L. (2020). Decline in Mobility: Public Transport in Poland in the time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Economies 2020, Vol. 8, Page 78, 8(4), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECONOMIES8040078 google scholar
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Istanbul’s Community Mobility Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Spatial Analysis
COVID-19 was the most recent pandemic to strike humanity. Moreover, this pandemic occurred during the most active period of global interaction and mobility, unlike pandemics like cholera, plague, and flu in earlier centuries. Many countries restricted domestic mobility after suspending international mobility to prevent the pandemic from spreading. Although these policies differ from nation to nation, they have affected the mobility of communities. This study examined spatial and non-spatial independent variables that affected how the community’s mobility patterns changed in various locations, including parks, transit stations, workplaces, grocery and pharmacies, and residential areas in Istanbul, Türkiye. The impact of the independent spatial variables on the mobility changes was examined after identifying the non-spatial independent variables influencing the mobility changes in 6 different areas. It was determined that the altitude variable, expected to impact how mobility changed, had no overall impact on the dependent variable. On the other hand, the dependent variables representing the mobility changes were affected by the independent variables representing the county center’s latitude and longitude values and whether the county is located near the sea. Regression analysis across Türkiye will be performed in upcoming studies using an updated version of the methodology used in this study.
Açık Kapı-İstanbul’un Sosyo Ekonomik Analizi. (2021). http://www.istanbul.gov.tr/acik-kapiistanbulun-sosyo-ekonomik-analizi google scholar
Aloi, A., Alonso, B., Benavente, J., Cordera, R., Echániz, E., González, F., Ladisa, C., Lezama-Romanelli, R., López-Parra, Á., Mazzei, V., Perrucci, L., Prieto-Quintana, D., Rodríguez, A., & Sañudo, R. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Mobility: Empirical Evidence from the City of Santander (Spain). Sustainability, 12(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093870 google scholar
Beria, P., & Lunkar, V. (2021). Presence and mobility of the population during the first wave of Covid-19 outbreak and lockdown in Italy. Sustainable Cities and Society, 65, 102616. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2020.102616 google scholar
Bonaccorsi, G., Pierri, F., Cinelli, M., Flori, A., Galeazzi, A., Porcelli, F., Schmidt, A. L., Valensise, C. M., Scala, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Pammolli, F. (2020). Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(27), 15530-15535. https://doi. org/10.1073/pnas.2007658117 google scholar
Chan, J. (2020). The geography of social distancing in Canada: Evidence from facebook. Canadian Public Policy, 46(1), S19-S28. https://doi.org/10.3138/ google scholar
Chang, M.-C., Kahn, R., Li, Y.-A., Lee, C.-S., Buckee, C. O., & Chang, H.-H. (2020). Variation in human mobility and its impact on the risk of future COVID-19 outbreaks in Taiwan. MedRxiv, 2020.04.07.20053439. https:// doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20053439 google scholar
datastd-dev. (2022). Spatial Regression. GitHub. https://github.com/datastd-dev/SpatialRegression google scholar
Google. (2020). COVID-19 Community Mobility Report. https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility?hl=tr google scholar
Endeksa. (2017). https://www.endeksa.com/tr/ google scholar
İstanbul İlçeleri Haritası. (2022). https://www.haritatr.com/istanbul-ilceleri-s22 google scholar
Orro, A., Novales, M., Monteagudo, Â., Perez-Lopez, J. B., & Bugarin, M. R. (2020). Impact on City Bus Transit Services of the COVID-19 Lockdown and Return to the New Normal: The Case of A Coruna (Spain). Sustainability 2020, Vol. 12, Page 7206, 12(17), 7206. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12177206 google scholar
Rice, W. L., & Pan, B. (2021). Understanding changes in park visitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A spatial application of big data. Wellbeing, Space and Society, 2, 100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WSS.2021.100037 google scholar
Saha, J., Barman, B., & Chouhan, P. (2020). Lockdown for COVID-19 and its impact on community mobility in India: An analysis of the COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports, 2020. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105160. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHILDYOUTH.2020.105160 google scholar
Sulyok, M., & Walker, M. (2020). Community movement and covid-19: A global study using google’s community mobility reports. Epidemiology and Infection https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820002757 google scholar
NovaYear. (2019). Türkiye İl-İlçe Enlem ve Boylam Koordinatları. GitHub. https://gist.github.com/ NovaYear/4fe0fd530aca8b0e0bc0992b356fa32a google scholar
Vitiello, A., Ferrara, F., Auti, A. M., Di Domenico, M., & Boccellino, M. (2022). Advances in the Omicron variant development. Journal of Internal Medicine, 292(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13478 google scholar
Wen, L., Sheng, M., & Sharp, B. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on changes in community mobility and variation in transport modes. New Zealand Economic Papers, 56(1), 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2020.1870536 google scholar
WHO. (2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) — Events as they happen. https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen google scholar
WHO. (2022a). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int google scholar
WHO. (2022b). Türkiye—WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. https://covid19. who.int google scholar
Wielechowski, M., Czech, K., & Grzçda, L. (2020). Decline in Mobility: Public Transport in Poland in the time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Economies 2020, Vol. 8, Page 78, 8(4), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECONOMIES8040078 google scholar
Arık, A. O., & Çavdaroğlu, G. Ç. (2023). Istanbul’s Community Mobility Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Spatial Analysis. Journal of Data Applications(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.26650/JODA.1215566