BENCİL GEN KURAMI VE İŞLETMELERDE ÇALIŞAN DEVAMLILIĞI: BİR UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI

Abstract

Pozitif bilimler ışığında yapılan deneyler veya ortaya atılan kuramlar, son dönemlerde sadece kendi dallarında değil, kendileri haricindeki diğer bilim dalları içinde de kullanılır olmuştur. Bu çalışma da bu söyleme paralel olarak, günümüzde de tartışma konusu olmaya devam eden ve öncelikle Darwin tarafından ortaya atılarak Dawkins tarafından bilimsel gerçekler ışığında açıklanmaya çalışılan güçlü olanın hayatta kalması şeklinde ifade edilebilecek evrim kuramının işletmelerde çalışan devamlılığına uyarlamasıdır. İnsan da bir organizma olarak düşünüldüğünde çalışma hayatının da devamlılığını sağlamak için bir takım güçlü yönleri ile hareket ettiği ve işyerindeki devamlılığını bu özellikleri ile sağladığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

• Bencil Gen
• Bilinçli Olmak
• Özgeci Davranış
• Sosyal Değişim Teorisi
• Çalışan Devamlılığı

SELFISH GENE THEORY AND EMPLOYEE ENDURANCE IN ORGANIZATIONS: AN ADAPTATION STUDY

Abstract

Experiments carried out or theories put forward in the light of positive sciences have recently been used in other branches of science. In parallel with this discourse, this study is the adaptation of the theory of evolution, which can be expressed as the survival of the fittest, first put forward by Darwin and tried to be explained by Dawkins in the light of scientific facts, to the continuity of employees in businesses. When human beings are considered as an organism, it has been concluded that they act with a number of strengths to ensure the continuity of their working life and ensure their continuity in the workplace with these features.

Keywords

• Selfish Gene
• Being Conscious
• Altruistic Behavior
• Social Exchange Theory
• Employee Endurance

References

1. Amburgey, T. L., Kelly, D., & Barnett, W. P. (1990). Resetting the clock: The dynamics of organizational change and failure. Academy of Management Proceedings, (1), 160–164, https://doi.org/10.2307/2393254
2. Aşkın, M. (1986). Sosyal öğrenme kuramı açısından olumlu ve olumsuz sosyal davranışlar. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 147-153. http://hdl.handle.net/11452/17044
3. Atkinson, J. W. (1965). Some general implications of conceptual developments in the study of achievement-oriented behavior. In Jones, M. R. (Ed.), Human motivation: A symposium. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
4. Bacon, F. (1900). The essays of Bacon. London: Arthur M. Hampreys. Başarı. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/success (E.T. 09.12.2023)
5. Blau, P. M. (1962). Patterns of choice in interpersonal relations. American Sociological Review, 27(1), 41–55, https://doi.org/10.2307/2089717
6. Blau, P.M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. USA: John Wiley and Sons.
7. Boring, E.G. (1946). The perception of objects. American Journal of Physics, 14(2), 99-107.
8. Bretz, J., Robert D., Rynes, S. L., & Gerhart, B. (1993). Recruiter Perceptions of Applicant Fit: Implications for Individual Career Preparation and Job Search Behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 43(3), 310–327. https://doi:10.1006/jvbe.1993.1050.

9. Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. (1947). Emotional selectivity in perception and reaction. Journal of Personality, 16, 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1947.tb01076.x.
10. Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. (1948). An approach to social perception. In Dennis, W. (Ed.), Current trends in social psychology. (p. 71-118). Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Press.
11. Budd, L. J. (1956). Altruism arrives in America. American Quarterly, 8(1), 40, https://doi:10.2307/2710296.
12. Callaghan, G., & Thompson, P. (2002). “We recruit attitude”: The selection and shaping of routine call centre labour. Journal of Management Studies, 39(2), 233–254. https://doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00290. Change. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/change (E.T.13.10.2023)
13. Chappell, J.M, Hartnett, J.G., Iqbal, A., Iannella, N., & Abbott, D. (2015). A brief study of time. Physics.Gen-Ph, 1-17.
14. Cialdini, R. B., Schaller, M., Houlihan, D., Arps, K., Fultz, J., & Beaman, A. L. (1987). Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated?. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(4), 749. https://doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.4.749.
15. Cicero, M.T. (1798). Essay on moral duty. Edinburg: Bell & Bradfute.
16. Darwin, C. (1861). On the origin of species. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
17. Darwin, F. (1896). The life and letters of charles Darwin. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
18. Dawkins, R. (2006a). The selfish gene. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.,
19. Dawkins, R. (2006b). The god delusion. Great Britain: Bantam Press.
20. Devendorf, S. A., & Highhouse, S. (2008). Applicant-employee similarity and attraction to an employer. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(4), 607–617, https://doi:10.1348/096317907x248842.
21. Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27(1), 31–41, https://doi.org/10.2307/2089716. Evolution. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/evolution (E.T. 13.10.2023)
22. Farrell, D., & Petersen, J. C. (1982). Patterns of political behavior in organizations. The Academy of Management Review, 7(3), 403. https://doi:10.2307/257332.
23. Ferguson, M.J., & Bargh, J.A. (2004). How social perception can automatically influence behavior. Trend in Cognitive Sciences, 8(1), 33-39.
24. Fraser, J.T., Haber, F.C., & Müller G.H. (1972). The study of time. New York: Springer-Verlag.
25. Gavin, J. F., & Howe, J. G. (1975). Psychological climate: Some theoretical and empirical considerations. Behavioral Science, 20(4), 228–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830200404.
26. Georgopoulos, B. S., Mahoney, G. M., & Jones, N. W., Jr. (1957). A path-goal approach to productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 41(6), 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048473
27. Greasley, K., Bryman, A., Dainty, A., Price, A., Soetanto, R., & King, N. (2005). Employee perceptions of empowerment. Employee Relations, 27(4), 354–368. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450510605697
28. Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
29. Haskı-Leventhal, D. (2009). Altruism and volunteerism: The perceptions of altruism in four disciplines and their impact on the study of volunteerism. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 39(3), 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2009.00405.x
30. Hobbes, T. (1953). Leviathan. JGreat Britain: M.Dent & Sons. Ltd.
31. Hoffman, M.L. (1981). Is altruism part of human nature?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.1.121
32. Holland, J.L. (1973). Making vocational choices; A theory of careers. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
33. Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597–606. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2772990
34. Lavelle, J. J., Rupp, D. E., & Brockner, J. (2007). Taking a multifoci approach to the study of justice, social exchange, and citizenship behavior: The target similarity model. Journal of Management, 33(6), 841-866.
35. Markovsky, B., Skvoretz, J., Willer, D., Lovaglia, M. J., & Erger, J. (1993). The seeds of weak power: An extension of network exchange theory. American Sociological Review, 197-209. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095966
36. Michele Kacmar, K., & Ferris, G. R. (1993). Politics at work: Sharpening the Focus of Political Behavior in Organizations. Business Horizons, 36(4), 70–74. https://doi:10.1016/s0007-6813(05)80123.
37. Kahn, R. L. (1956). The prediction of productivity. Journal of Social Issues, 12, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1956.tb00367.x
38. King, C.D. (1932). The psychology of consciousness. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co, Ltd.
39. Kinnunen, T., & Parviainen, J. (2016). Feeling the right personality. Recruitment consultants’ affective decision making in interviews with employee Candidates. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 6(3), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v6i3.5525
40. Kristof, A.L. (1996) Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology, 49, 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01790.x
41. Krebs, D. L. (1970). Altruism: An examination of the concept and a review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 73(4), 258–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028987.
42. Krueger, J. (2018). Direct Social Perception. In Newen, A.; De Bruin, L. & Gallagher, S. (Eds.), The oxford handbook of 4E cognition. 301-321.
43. Lorenz, K. (2005). On aggression. London: Routledge.
44. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
45. McArthur, L.Z., & Baron, R.M. (1983). Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychological Review, 90(3), 215-238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.90.3.215
46. Morrison, R.L., & Bellack, A.S. (1981). The role of social perception in social skill. Behavior Therapy, 12, 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(81)80107-4.
47. Muchinsky, P. M., & Monahan, C. J. (1987). What is person-environment congruence? Supplementary versus complementary models of fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31(3), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(87)90043-1
48. Musser, G. (2010). The paradox of time: Why it can't stop, but must. (E.T.: 11.10.2023), https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-time-end/.
49. Newton, I. (1846). Principia. (A. Motte, Çev.), New York: Daniel Adee.
50. Ornstein, R.E. (1977). The psychology of consciousness. USA: W.H. Freeman and Company.
51. Postman, L., Bruner, J. S., & McGinnies, E. (1948). Personal values as selective factors in perception. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43(2), 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059765.
52. Proshansky, H., & Murphy, G. (1942). The effects of reward and punishment on perception. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 13, 295–305. https://doi:10.1080/00223980.1942.9917097.
53. Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 86(5), 825. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.825.
54. Ridley, M. (1998). The origins of virtue. USA: Penguin Books.
55. Ross, E.A. (1930). The principles of sociology. New York: The Century Co.
56. Russell, A. M., & Fiske, S.T. (2010). Power and Social Perception. In Guinote, A., & T. A. Vescio (Eds.), (p. 231-250), The social psychology of Power. USA: The Guilford Press.
57. Sabir, A. (2017). Motivation: Outstanding way to promote Productivity in employees. American Journal of Management Science and Engineering, 2(3), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmse.20170203.11
58. Schein, V.E. (1977). Individual power and political behaviors in organizations: An inadequately explored reality. The Academy of Management Review, 2(1), 64-72. https://doi.org/10.2307/257607
59. Schneider, B. (1987). The People make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40(3), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00609.x
60. Self, J.T. & Dewald B. (2011). Why do employees stay? A qualitative exploration of employee tenure. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 12(1), 60-72, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15256480.2011.540982
61. Simon, H.A. (1990). A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism. Science, 250(4988),1665-8, doi: 10.1126/science.2270480.
62. Shermer, M. (2022). İnanan beyin. (N. Elhüseyni, Translate). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
63. Shoemaker, S. (1969). Time without change. The Journal of Philosophy, 66(12), 363-380. https://doi.org/10.2307/2023892
64. Schwartz, B. (1993). Why altruism is impossible...And ubiquitous. Social Service Review, 67(3), 314-343. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30012502
65. Smith, D.H. (1981). Altruism, volunteers and volunteerism. Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 10(21), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/089976408101000105
66. Smith, J.M. (1972). Time in the evolutionary process. In Fraser, J.T., Haber, F.C., & G.H. Müller (Eds.), The study of time. (p. 266-272). Springer Publications.
67. Smith, J., & Price, G. (1973). The logic of animal conflict. Nature, 246 (5427), 15–18. https://doi:10.1038/246015a0.
68. Tawney, R. H. (1952). Equality, 4th ed., London: Allen and Unwin.
69. Teichmann, R. (1993). Time and change. The Philosophical Quarterly, 43 (171), 158-177. https://doi.org/10.2307/2220367
70. Titchener, E.B. (1919). A text-book of psychology. New York: McMillan Company. Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dıenesch, R. M. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition, measurement, and validatıon. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 765–802. https://doi:10.2307/256600.
71. Vroom, V. H. (1966). Organizational choice: A study of pre-and postdecision processes. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1(2), 212-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(66)90013-4.
72. Weinstein, E. A., & Deutschberger, P. (1963). Some dimensions of altercasting. Sociometry, 26(4), 454–466. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786148.
73. Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.