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Türkiye’nin Gelenek Dışı Para Politikasının Lisanssız Güneş Santrallerinin Kârlılığı Üzerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 69 - 95, 22.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.58654/jebi.1419848

Abstract

Türkiye’nin Eylül 2021 ile Haziran 2023 arasında uyguladığı gelenek dışı para politikası, enflasyon da dahil olmak üzere birçok makroekonomik göstergeyi etkilemiştir. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasının (TCMB) politika faizini devamlı düşürmesi, negatif reel faizin sürekli artmasına neden olmuştur. Bu durumun sonucu olarak hane halkı, enflasyondan korunabilmek için konut, döviz ve altın da dahil olmak üzere birçok alternatif yatırım aracına yönelmiştir. Talepteki bu artış gayrimenkul fiyatlarının ciddi şekilde artmasına neden olmuştur. Güneş santralleri için önemli bir maliyet kalemi olan arazi fiyatları da yükselmiştir. Bu çalışma, arazi fiyatları ile konut fiyatları arazındaki doğrusal ilişki göz önünde bulundurularak, konut fiyatlarındaki artışın 37 lisanssız güneş santrali projesinin sermaye harcaması (CAPEX) üzerine etkisini incelemektedir. Sonuçlara göre, Türkiye’de reel faiz ile konut fiyat endeksi arasında -0,97’lik korelasyon olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, konut fiyat endeksi ile lisanssız güneş santrallerinin CAPEX’i arasında 0,20’lik korelasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum, CAPEX’in karlılığı etkileyen önemli bir faktör olması nedeniyle, ağırlıklı olarak gelenek dışı para politikası nedeniyle artan konut fiyatlarının lisanssız güneş santrallerinin karlılığını olumsuz etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir. Gelenek dışı para politikasından Temmuz 2023 itibariyle vazgeçilse de, bu politikanın enflasyon başta olmak üzere ekonomiye olumsuz etkileri hâlâ devam etmektedir. Güneş santrallerinin karlılığını artıracak politika ve uygulamalar, yenilenebilir enerji yatırımcılarına ve Türkiye’nin yeşil dönüşümüne önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır. Bu bağlamda, Global Carbon Council (GCC) ve International Carbon Registry (ICR) gibi gönüllü karbon piyasası standartları altında karbon kredilerinin geliştirilmesi ve piyasaya sunulması, güneş enerjisi santrali yatırımcılarını desteklemek ve ülkenin karbon nötr olma hedefine ulaşmasına yardımcı olmak için ek bir katkı sunmaktadır.

Thanks

Araştırmamıza değerli katkılarından dolayı Gediz Kaya, Müge Afacan Ural ve Uğur Cem Yılmaz'a teşekkür ederiz.

References

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  • Egilmez, M. (2022). İthalat Niçin İhracattan Hızlı Artıyor? https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2022/06/ithalat-nicin-ihracattan-hzl-artyor.html
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  • EPDK. (2023). Türkiye Ulusal Enerji Planı. https://enerji.gov.tr/duyuru-detay?id=20317
  • ERDEN TOPAL, Y., GÜRSOY HAKSEVENLER, B. H., & ERDİL, E. (2022). Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Kaynaklara Dayalı Elektrik Üretimini Etkileyen Faktörler: Rüzgar ve Güneş Enerjisi Örneğinde Kar Amacı Motivasyonuna göre Farklılaşan Engeller ve Destekler. European Journal of Science and Technology, 32, 901–916. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1045546
  • Ertugrul, M., & Saldi, M. H. (2020). Return on Investment Analysis of Unlicensed Solar Energy Projects in Turkey. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 1, 903–923.
  • EXIST. (2023). Elektrik Piyasası Günlük Raporu. https://www.epias.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/epias-bulten-05.03.2023.pdf
  • Federal Reserve. (2021). Implementation Note issued March 16, 2022. https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20220316a1.htm
  • Gaia Climate. (2022). Solar PV Projects.
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  • IRENA. (2022). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2021. https://irena.org/publications/2022/Jul/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2021
  • Kartha, S., Lazarus, M., & LeFranc, M. (2005). Market penetration metrics: Tools for additionality assessment? Climate Policy, 5(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2005.9685547
  • Kilinc-Ata, N., & Dolmatov, I. A. (2023). Which factors influence the decisions of renewable energy investors? Empirical evidence from OECD and BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 1720–1736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22274-8
  • Kim, B. C., Kim, J., & Kim, J. (2019). Evaluation Model for Investment in Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102905
  • Kubilay, M. M. (2021). What’s driving Turkey’s early easing of monetary policy? Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/whats-driving-turkeys-early-easing-monetary-policy
  • Mankiw, G. (2009). Macroeconomics (Seventh Ed). Worth Publishers. https://jollygreengeneral.typepad.com/files/n.-gregory-mankiw-macroeconomics-7th-edition-2009.pdf
  • Mavi Yeşil A.Ş. (2022). Solar PV Installation Costs Report 2016-2022.
  • Ministry of Trade. (2022). 2022 Yılı Temmuz Ayı Dış Ticaret Verileri. https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/2022-yili-temmuz-ayi-dis-ticaret-verileri
  • Ministry of Treasury and Finance. (2022). PRESS RELEASE. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/sites/2/2022/03/20220318_Press-Release.pdf
  • Ozcan, O., & Ersoz, F. (2019). Project and Cost-based Evaluation of Solar Energy Performance in three Different Geographical Regions of Turkey: Investment Analysis Application. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 22(4), 1098–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.04.001
  • REN21. (2022). Renewables 2022 Global Status Report. REN21 Secretariat.
  • Resmi Gazete. (2022a). Elektrik Piyasasında Lisanssız Elektrik Üretim Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2022/08/20220811-1.htm
  • Resmi Gazete. (2022b). Kaynak Bazında Destekleme Bedelinin Belirlenmesine ve Uygulanmasına İlişkin Usul ve Esaslarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Usul ve Esaslar. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2022/03/20220330-7.pdf
  • Sisodia, G. S., & Soares, I. (2015). Panel data analysis for renewable energy investment determinants in Europe. Applied Economics Letters, 22(5), 397–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.946176
  • Sugiyama, T., & Michaelowa, A. (2001). Reconciling the design of CDM with inborn paradox of additionality concept. Climate Policy, 1(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2001.0107
  • TCCB. (2021). Statement of Turkey at 76. UN General Assembly.
  • TENVA. (2017). License Exempted Electricity Generation Educational Book. https://erranet.org/download/tenva-license-exempted-electricity-generation/
  • The Economist. (2021). The Intelligence: A cut-rate theory, Turkey’s currency spiral. https://podcasts.apple.com/cy/podcast/a-cut-rate-theory-turkeys-currency-spiral/id151230264?i=1000543137596&l=tr
  • TURKSTAT. (2022). TÜİK Kurumsal. Consumer Price Index. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Tuketici-Fiyat-Endeksi-Temmuz-2022-45796
  • World Bank. (2017). IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT.

Assessing the Impact of Türkiye’s Unorthodox Monetary Policy on the Profitability of Unlicensed Solar Power Plant Projects

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 69 - 95, 22.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.58654/jebi.1419848

Abstract

Türkiye’s unorthodox monetary policy implemented between September 2021 and June 2023 affected many macroeconomic indicators including inflation. Turkish Central Bank’s (CBRT) continuous lowering of the policy interest rate increased the negative real interest rate constantly. As a result, households invested in alternative assets including housing, foreign currency and gold in order to hedge against inflation. This increase in demand soared real estate prices. Besides, land is an important cost item for solar power plant investments. Considering the linear relationship between land prices and housing prices, this paper investigates the effect of the increase in housing prices on the capital expenditure (CAPEX) of 37 unlicensed solar power plant projects in Türkiye. According to the results, a correlation of -0.97 was determined between the real interest rate and housing price index in Türkiye. In addition, a correlation of 0.20 was found between housing price index and the CAPEX of unlicensed solar power plants. This situation indicates that the increase in housing prices primarily due to the unorthodox monetary policy might adversely affected the profitability of unlicensed solar power plants, since CAPEX is an important factor affecting the profitability. Although the unconventional monetary policy has been abandoned as of July 2023, the negative effects of this policy on the economy, especially inflation, still continue. Policies and practices that would increase the profitability of solar power plants will make significant contribution to the renewable energy investors and Türkiye's green transition. In this context, development and issuance of carbon development credits under the voluntary carbon market standards such as Global Carbon Council (GCC) Standard and International Carbon Standard (ICR) presents additionality to support solar power plant investors and help the country to reach her carbon neutrality target.

Thanks

We would like to thank Gediz Kaya, Müge Afacan Ural and Uğur Cem Yılmaz for their valuable contributions to our research.

References

  • Amaro, S. (2022). European Central Bank surprises markets with larger-than-expected rate hike. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/21/european-central-bank-raises-rates-by-50-basis-points-its-first-hike-in-11-years.html
  • Brodziński, Z., Brodzińska, K., & Szadziun, M. (2021). Photovoltaic Farms - Economic Efficiency of Investments in North-East Poland. Energies, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082087
  • CBRT. (2022a). 1 Hafta Repo. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Temel+Faaliyetler/Para+Politikasi/Merkez+Bankasi+Faiz+Oranlari/1+Hafta+Repo
  • CBRT. (2022b). Konut Fiyat Endeksi (KFE). https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php?/evds/serieMarket/collapse_26/5949/DataGroup/turkish/bie_hkfe/
  • CBRT. (2023). Ödemeler Dengesi İstatistikleri. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Istatistikler/Odemeler+Dengesi+ve+Ilgili+Istatistikler/Odemeler+Dengesi+Istatistikleri/
  • Central Bank Rates. (2023). Worldwide Interest Rates. https://www.cbrates.com/
  • Cox, J. (2021). Federal Reserve approves first interest rate hike in more than three years, sees six more ahead. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/16/federal-reserve-meeting.html
  • Egilmez, M. (2022). İthalat Niçin İhracattan Hızlı Artıyor? https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2022/06/ithalat-nicin-ihracattan-hzl-artyor.html
  • Endeksa. (2022). Türkiye Satılık Konut, Ev Fiyatları. https://www.endeksa.com/tr/analiz/turkiye/endeks/satilik/konut
  • EPDK. (2023). Türkiye Ulusal Enerji Planı. https://enerji.gov.tr/duyuru-detay?id=20317
  • ERDEN TOPAL, Y., GÜRSOY HAKSEVENLER, B. H., & ERDİL, E. (2022). Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Kaynaklara Dayalı Elektrik Üretimini Etkileyen Faktörler: Rüzgar ve Güneş Enerjisi Örneğinde Kar Amacı Motivasyonuna göre Farklılaşan Engeller ve Destekler. European Journal of Science and Technology, 32, 901–916. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1045546
  • Ertugrul, M., & Saldi, M. H. (2020). Return on Investment Analysis of Unlicensed Solar Energy Projects in Turkey. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 1, 903–923.
  • EXIST. (2023). Elektrik Piyasası Günlük Raporu. https://www.epias.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/epias-bulten-05.03.2023.pdf
  • Federal Reserve. (2021). Implementation Note issued March 16, 2022. https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20220316a1.htm
  • Gaia Climate. (2022). Solar PV Projects.
  • GCC. (2023). GCC PROJECTS PORTAL. https://projects.globalcarboncouncil.com/pages/submitted_projects
  • IRENA. (2022). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2021. https://irena.org/publications/2022/Jul/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2021
  • Kartha, S., Lazarus, M., & LeFranc, M. (2005). Market penetration metrics: Tools for additionality assessment? Climate Policy, 5(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2005.9685547
  • Kilinc-Ata, N., & Dolmatov, I. A. (2023). Which factors influence the decisions of renewable energy investors? Empirical evidence from OECD and BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 1720–1736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22274-8
  • Kim, B. C., Kim, J., & Kim, J. (2019). Evaluation Model for Investment in Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102905
  • Kubilay, M. M. (2021). What’s driving Turkey’s early easing of monetary policy? Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/whats-driving-turkeys-early-easing-monetary-policy
  • Mankiw, G. (2009). Macroeconomics (Seventh Ed). Worth Publishers. https://jollygreengeneral.typepad.com/files/n.-gregory-mankiw-macroeconomics-7th-edition-2009.pdf
  • Mavi Yeşil A.Ş. (2022). Solar PV Installation Costs Report 2016-2022.
  • Ministry of Trade. (2022). 2022 Yılı Temmuz Ayı Dış Ticaret Verileri. https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/2022-yili-temmuz-ayi-dis-ticaret-verileri
  • Ministry of Treasury and Finance. (2022). PRESS RELEASE. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/sites/2/2022/03/20220318_Press-Release.pdf
  • Ozcan, O., & Ersoz, F. (2019). Project and Cost-based Evaluation of Solar Energy Performance in three Different Geographical Regions of Turkey: Investment Analysis Application. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 22(4), 1098–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.04.001
  • REN21. (2022). Renewables 2022 Global Status Report. REN21 Secretariat.
  • Resmi Gazete. (2022a). Elektrik Piyasasında Lisanssız Elektrik Üretim Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2022/08/20220811-1.htm
  • Resmi Gazete. (2022b). Kaynak Bazında Destekleme Bedelinin Belirlenmesine ve Uygulanmasına İlişkin Usul ve Esaslarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Usul ve Esaslar. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2022/03/20220330-7.pdf
  • Sisodia, G. S., & Soares, I. (2015). Panel data analysis for renewable energy investment determinants in Europe. Applied Economics Letters, 22(5), 397–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.946176
  • Sugiyama, T., & Michaelowa, A. (2001). Reconciling the design of CDM with inborn paradox of additionality concept. Climate Policy, 1(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2001.0107
  • TCCB. (2021). Statement of Turkey at 76. UN General Assembly.
  • TENVA. (2017). License Exempted Electricity Generation Educational Book. https://erranet.org/download/tenva-license-exempted-electricity-generation/
  • The Economist. (2021). The Intelligence: A cut-rate theory, Turkey’s currency spiral. https://podcasts.apple.com/cy/podcast/a-cut-rate-theory-turkeys-currency-spiral/id151230264?i=1000543137596&l=tr
  • TURKSTAT. (2022). TÜİK Kurumsal. Consumer Price Index. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Tuketici-Fiyat-Endeksi-Temmuz-2022-45796
  • World Bank. (2017). IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Applied Economics (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İzzet Arı 0000-0002-6117-3605

Mustafa Kaya 0000-0003-3304-2613

Early Pub Date July 16, 2024
Publication Date July 22, 2024
Submission Date January 20, 2024
Acceptance Date February 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Arı, İ., & Kaya, M. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Türkiye’s Unorthodox Monetary Policy on the Profitability of Unlicensed Solar Power Plant Projects. Journal of Economics Business and International Relations-JEBI, 3(1), 69-95. https://doi.org/10.58654/jebi.1419848