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DOĞUM ORANI, EVLENME ORANI, YAŞLANAN NÜFUS VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ BAĞLANTI: COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE TÜRKİYE İLLERİNDEN KANITLAR

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 200 - 215, 28.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.58654/jebi.1670991

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 2018-2023 yılları arasında Türkiye'nin 81 ilinde doğum oranını, etki eden faktörlerle modelleyerek özellikle COVID19 salgınının etkisine odaklanmakta ve evlilik oranı, yaşlanan nüfus ve kişi başına düşen GSYH'nin etkilerini araştırmaktadır. İllere özgü heterojenliğin yarattığı zorlukları ele almak için, çalışmada hem Sabit Etkiler (FE) hem de Rassal Etkiler (RE) modellerini tahmin etmek için panel veri analizi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, Hausman testi kullanılarak, en iyi model olarak, Sabit Etkiler modeli olarak seçilmiştir. Bulguların sağlamlığı değişen varyans testinin uygulanmasıyla sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, evlilik oranı ile doğum oranı arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Buna karşılık, 65 yaş ve üzeri insanların toplam nüfusdaki oranı ile hesaplanan yaşlanan nüfus, doğurganlık oranlarında düşüşle ilişkilidir. Kişi başına düşen GSYH'nin ise anlamlı negatif etki gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca bulgular, pandeminin doğum oranları üzerindeki önemli etkisinin altını çizmekte ve pandemi sırasında ve sonrasında COVID19 değişkeninin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif etkisi ile demografik örüntülerde azalan değişimleri vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin il düzeyinde ampirik bir analizini sunarak mevcut literatüre önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır. Demografik eğilimler, aile planlaması ve ekonomik kalkınma konularında politika yapıcılar için değerli katkılar sunmaktadır.

References

  • Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2017). Secular Stagnation? The Effect of Aging on Economic Growth in the Age of Automation. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 107(5), 174-179.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometrics. Syracuse, NY, USA: Springer.
  • Bodnár, K., & Nerlich, C. (2022). The macroeconomic and fiscal impact of population ageing. European Central Bank.
  • Bol, Z. Ö. (2025). The Relationship Between Economic Dynamics and Fertility: As an Existential Issue of Baby Shortage in Türkiye. Fiscaoeconomia, 9(1), 217-234.
  • CB, O., KM, E., GU, E., & al., e. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 on the birth rate in a report from population-based registries. Infectious Diseases Research, 4(1), 4.
  • Çelik, N., Özdemir, S. Ç., Öztürk, T., & Başar, F. (2023). Determination of Fear of Birth in Individuals During The Covid-19 (Coronavirus). E-Journal of Dokuz Eylul University Nursing Faculty, 201-212.
  • Choi, S.-Y. Y., & Kang-Shik. (2024). An Analysis of the Causes of Low Fertility Rate in Korea: From the Economic Perspective. East and West Studies, 36(3), 67-89.
  • Cimpoeru, S., & Pisica, A. (2023). Economic determinants of birth rate in Romania. A Spatial Analysis. Journal of Social and Economic Statistics, 12(1), 25-45.
  • Das, Z. O. (2020). Determinants of Fertility Rates in Turkey. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(5), 466-476.
  • Eryer, A. (2024). Determining The Relationshıp Between Elderly Populatıon And Health Expenditures: Panel Data Analysis. Econder, 8(2), 192-209.
  • Feyrer, J. (2007). Demographics and Productivity. Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(1), 100-109.
  • Getzen, T. Z. (1992). Population Ageing and Growth of Health Expenditures. Journal of Gerontology, 47(1), 97-108.
  • Hansen, A. H. (1939). Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth. American Economic Review, 29, 1-15.
  • Kim, B.-H. (2025). Study on predicting low birth rates through data analysis on the relationship between various economic indicators and birth rates. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(3), 1810-1818.
  • Krombholz, H. (2024). Seasonality of Birth Rate before and during COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany. PsychArchives. doi:https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.15232
  • Lindh, T., & Malmberg., B. (1999). Age Structure Effects and Growth in the OECD, 1950–1990. Journal of Population Economics, 12(3), 431–49.
  • Maestas, N. K. (2016). The Effect of Population Aging on Economic Growth, the Labor Force and Productivity. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 22452.
  • Oguejiofor, C., Eleje, G., Ebubechukwu, K. M., & Ugwu, E. O. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 on the birth rate in Nigeria: A report from. Infectious Diseases Research, 4(1), 4.
  • Tuncer, B. (1971). A Study of the Socio-Economic Determinants of Fertility in Turkey. Yale University Economic Growth Center.
  • Turk, M. M. (2025, March). Exploring the Nexus Between Birth Rates, Female Employment, and Economic Growth: A Turkish Perspective (1999-2022). International Journal of Disciplines Economics & Administrative Sciences Studies, 11(1), 1-10.
  • TURKSTAT. (2025, 03 15). Retrieved from www.tuik.gov.tr
  • Yang, G., & Zhang, L. (2023). Relationship between aging population, birth rate and disposable income per capita in the context of COVID-19. PLOS ONE, 18(8), 1-14.

THE NEXUS BETWEEN BIRTH RATE, MARRIAGE RATE, AGING POPULATION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM TURKIYE PROVINCES AMID THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 200 - 215, 28.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.58654/jebi.1670991

Abstract

This study investigates the determinants of birth rate across 81 Turkish provinces from 2018 to 2023, focusing on the effects of marriage rate, aging population, and GDP per capita with a particular focus on the effect of the COVID19 pandemic. To address the challenges posed by province-specific heterogeneity, the study employs panel data methods to estimate both Fixed Effects (FE) and Random Effects (RE) models. Furthermore, the selection of the most appropriate model specification is facilitated by the Hausman test, confirming the appropriateness of the FE model. while the robustness of the findings is ensured through the application of heteroskedasticity test. The estimation results of this study suggest a positive relationship between the marriage rate and the birth rate while the aging population, defined as the ratio of people aged 65 and over in the population and GDP per capita show significant negative effects. Moreover, the COVID19 pandemic is found to have a statistically significant negative impact on birth rates. Furthermore, the findings underscore the substantial impact of the pandemic on birth rates, highlighting declining shifts in demographic patterns during and following the pandemic. This study has made a significant contribution to the existing literature by offering a province-level empirical analysis of Turkiye. It provides valuable insights for policymakers on demographic trends, family planning, and economic development.

References

  • Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2017). Secular Stagnation? The Effect of Aging on Economic Growth in the Age of Automation. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 107(5), 174-179.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometrics. Syracuse, NY, USA: Springer.
  • Bodnár, K., & Nerlich, C. (2022). The macroeconomic and fiscal impact of population ageing. European Central Bank.
  • Bol, Z. Ö. (2025). The Relationship Between Economic Dynamics and Fertility: As an Existential Issue of Baby Shortage in Türkiye. Fiscaoeconomia, 9(1), 217-234.
  • CB, O., KM, E., GU, E., & al., e. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 on the birth rate in a report from population-based registries. Infectious Diseases Research, 4(1), 4.
  • Çelik, N., Özdemir, S. Ç., Öztürk, T., & Başar, F. (2023). Determination of Fear of Birth in Individuals During The Covid-19 (Coronavirus). E-Journal of Dokuz Eylul University Nursing Faculty, 201-212.
  • Choi, S.-Y. Y., & Kang-Shik. (2024). An Analysis of the Causes of Low Fertility Rate in Korea: From the Economic Perspective. East and West Studies, 36(3), 67-89.
  • Cimpoeru, S., & Pisica, A. (2023). Economic determinants of birth rate in Romania. A Spatial Analysis. Journal of Social and Economic Statistics, 12(1), 25-45.
  • Das, Z. O. (2020). Determinants of Fertility Rates in Turkey. International Journal of Public Administration, 43(5), 466-476.
  • Eryer, A. (2024). Determining The Relationshıp Between Elderly Populatıon And Health Expenditures: Panel Data Analysis. Econder, 8(2), 192-209.
  • Feyrer, J. (2007). Demographics and Productivity. Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(1), 100-109.
  • Getzen, T. Z. (1992). Population Ageing and Growth of Health Expenditures. Journal of Gerontology, 47(1), 97-108.
  • Hansen, A. H. (1939). Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth. American Economic Review, 29, 1-15.
  • Kim, B.-H. (2025). Study on predicting low birth rates through data analysis on the relationship between various economic indicators and birth rates. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(3), 1810-1818.
  • Krombholz, H. (2024). Seasonality of Birth Rate before and during COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany. PsychArchives. doi:https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.15232
  • Lindh, T., & Malmberg., B. (1999). Age Structure Effects and Growth in the OECD, 1950–1990. Journal of Population Economics, 12(3), 431–49.
  • Maestas, N. K. (2016). The Effect of Population Aging on Economic Growth, the Labor Force and Productivity. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 22452.
  • Oguejiofor, C., Eleje, G., Ebubechukwu, K. M., & Ugwu, E. O. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 on the birth rate in Nigeria: A report from. Infectious Diseases Research, 4(1), 4.
  • Tuncer, B. (1971). A Study of the Socio-Economic Determinants of Fertility in Turkey. Yale University Economic Growth Center.
  • Turk, M. M. (2025, March). Exploring the Nexus Between Birth Rates, Female Employment, and Economic Growth: A Turkish Perspective (1999-2022). International Journal of Disciplines Economics & Administrative Sciences Studies, 11(1), 1-10.
  • TURKSTAT. (2025, 03 15). Retrieved from www.tuik.gov.tr
  • Yang, G., & Zhang, L. (2023). Relationship between aging population, birth rate and disposable income per capita in the context of COVID-19. PLOS ONE, 18(8), 1-14.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Economics (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nebile Korucu Gümüşoğlu 0000-0003-3308-4362

Early Pub Date July 11, 2025
Publication Date July 28, 2025
Submission Date April 7, 2025
Acceptance Date April 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Korucu Gümüşoğlu, N. (2025). THE NEXUS BETWEEN BIRTH RATE, MARRIAGE RATE, AGING POPULATION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM TURKIYE PROVINCES AMID THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Journal of Economics Business and International Relations-JEBI, 4(1), 200-215. https://doi.org/10.58654/jebi.1670991