Dijital Sağlık: Sağlık Sektörü İçin Mobil Teknolojinin Kritik Değeri, Dünya’dan Farklı Uygulama Örnekleri ve Güncel Trendler

Öz

Özellikle doksanlı yıllar sonunda daha da hızlı hayatlarımıza giren internet teknolojisi 2000’li yıllardan sonra mobil teknoloji ile şekil değiştirmiş, önce masaüstü veya notebooklar ile bağlanabildiğimiz internete özellikle 2000’li yıllar ilerledikçe hayatımızın her alanında erişilebilir olmamızı sağlamıştır. Çalışmamızın amacı, mobil teknolojilerin mevcut sağlık teknolojileri içindeki rolünü incelemek, gerekli yetkinlikleri araştırmak, hem Türkiye'de hem de dünyada sektördeki mobil teknoloji gelişmelerini değerlendirmek ve sektörün ihtiyaç duyduğu bilgi teknolojisi altyapısının yanı sıra gerekli yetkinlik ve yetenekleri değerlendirmektir. Araştırmamız kapsamında pek çok ülkedeki farklı ve özel mobil uygulamaları detaylandırmıştır. Araştırmamızın bulguları olarak, mobil teknolojinin internet altyapısı güçlü olan ülkelerde çok daha hızlı ve etkili kendine yer edindiğidir. Mobil sağlık hizmeti vatandaşlar tarafından oldukça değerli bir hizmet olarak görülmektedir. Mobil teknolojinin gerçek kalitesi ve etkinliği vatandaş tarafından kabullenip hızlıca uygulanmasına bağlıdır. Oyunlaştırma, mobil sağlık uygulamalarının kabullendirilmesinde önemli bir araçtır. Mobil sağlık uygulamaları hem doktorların hasta bakım hizmetlerini izlemesini hem de hastaların kendi sağlıklarını izlemesini sağlayarak motivasyonu artırabilir. İyi bir mobil sağlık sistemi hem hastalar hem de doktorlar tarafından kabul edilmelidir. Özellikle Türkiye gibi sağlık sisteminin büyük ölçüde devlet tarafından desteklendiği ülkeler için güçlü bir mobil sağlık sistemi için sağlık bakanlığının mobil hizmetlerde öncelik etmesi gerekli görülmektedir. Ayrıca mobil hizmetlerin etkin yapılandırılması için doğru problemlere odaklanılmalı hatta pek çok problem içinden öncelik sırasına göre problemler tespit edilmelidir. Literatür incelendiğinde dermatoloji, ortopedi, oftalmoloji, beyin cerrahisi ve klinik patoloji gibi pek çok alanda çeşitli mobil uygulamalar hayata geçirilmiştir. Mobil teknolojiler sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumunda kurumlara önemli maliyet avantajları sağlamaktadır. Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde nüfusun yaşlanmasıyla birlikte ulusal hükümetler sağlık hizmetleri maliyetlerini azaltmanın yollarını aramaktadır. Mobil sağlık, sanayileşmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelere uygulanabilir yeni bakım modelleri aracılığıyla sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumunu değiştirmek ve maliyetleri azaltmak için bir çözüm olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca, Almanya ve İsveç gibi Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri başta olmak üzere gelişmiş ülkelerde mobil uygulamaların yaşlılar için büyük avantaj sağladığı gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırmamız sağlık sektörü özelinde mobil teknolojiye ilişkin kapsamlı bir alan değerlendirmesi sunmakta, Türkiye’den ve dünyadan öne çıkan uygulamaları açıklamakta, alan okuyucuları için oldukça kapsamı bir değerlendirme ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sağlık sektörü
• dijital sağlık
• dijital dönüşüm
• mobil teknoloji
• güncel eğilimler

Digital Health: The Critical Value of Mobile Technology for the Health Sector, Different Application Examples from the World and Current Trends

Abstract

The internet technology, which began to integrate into our lives rapidly by the end of the 1990s, underwent significant transformations with the advent of mobile technology in the 2000s. Initially accessible through desktop or notebook computers, the internet has evolved to become an integral part of virtually every aspect of our lives as mobile technology advanced throughout the 2000s. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of mobile technologies within current health technologies, investigate the necessary competencies, evaluate mobile technology developments both in Türkiye and globally, and assess the information technology infrastructure, competencies, and skills required by the sector. Our research details various and specific mobile applications from numerous countries. Findings indicate that mobile technology has established itself much more rapidly and effectively in countries with strong internet infrastructure. Mobile health services are perceived as highly valuable by citizens. The real quality and effectiveness of mobile technology depend on its acceptance and swift implementation by users. Gamification is an important tool in the adoption of mobile health applications. These applications can enhance motivation by enabling both doctors to monitor patient care services and patients to track their own health. A good mobile health system should be accepted by both patients and doctors. In countries like Türkiye, where the health system is largely supported by the state, it is seen as necessary for the Ministry of Health to prioritize mobile services to establish a robust mobile health system. Furthermore, to effectively structure mobile services, it is essential to focus on the right problems and identify issues in order of priority. Literature review reveals that various mobile applications have been implemented in fields such as dermatology, orthopedics, ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and clinical pathology. Mobile technologies offer significant cost advantages in the delivery of health services. As the population ages in European Union countries, national governments are seeking ways to reduce healthcare costs. Mobile health is considered a solution to transform the delivery of health services and reduce costs through viable new care models for both industrialized and developing countries. Moreover, it has been observed that mobile applications provide significant benefits for the elderly, particularly in developed countries such as Germany and Sweden. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of mobile technology in the healthcare sector, highlights prominent applications from Türkiye and around the world, and offers an extensive evaluation for field readers.

Keywords

• Health sector
• digital health
• digital transformation
• mobile technology
• current trends

References

1. Şimşir, İ., & Mete, B. (2021). Sağlık hizmetlerinin geleceği: Dijital sağlık teknolojileri. Journal of Innovative Healthcare Practices, 2(1), 33-39.
2. Kılıç, T. (2017). e-Sağlık, iyi uygulama örneği; Hollanda. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 203-217.
3. Güler, Ö. G. E. (2015). Mobil sağlık hizmetlerinde oyunlaştırma. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 82-101.
4. Greenspun, H., & Coughlin, S. (2012). mHealth in an mWorld: How mobile technology is transforming health care. Deloitte Center for Health Solutions. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/life-sciences-health-care/us-lhsc-mhealth-in-an-mworld-103014.pdf
5. Özdemir, C., & Şendir, M. (2020). Hemodiyaliz hastalarında fistül bakımı ve mobil sağlık uygulamaları. Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi, 15(3), 251-259.
6. Singh, A., Wilkinson, S., & Braganza, S. (2014). Smartphones and pediatric apps to mobilize the medical home. The Journal of pediatrics, 165(3), 606-610.
7. Deniz-Garcia, A., Fabelo, H., Rodriguez-Almeida, A. J., Zamora-Zamorano, G., Castro-Fernandez, M., Alberiche Ruano, M. D. P., ... & WARIFA Consortium. (2023). Quality, usability, and effectiveness of mHealth apps and the role of artificial intelligence: current scenario and challenges. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e44030.
8. Okolo, C. A., Babawarun, O., Arowoogun, J. O., Adeniyi, A. O., & Chidi, R. (2024). The role of mobile health applications in improving patient engagement and health outcomes: A critical review. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(1), 2566-2574.

9. Chiu, W., & Cho, H. (2021). The role of technology readiness in individuals' intention to use health and fitness applications: a comparison between users and non-users. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 33(3), 807-825.
10. Molina, M. D., & Sundar, S. S. (2020). Can mobile apps motivate fitness tracking? A study of technological affordances and workout behaviors. Health communication, 35(1),65-74.
11. Garey, L., Hébert, E. T., Mayorga, N. A., Chavez, J., Shepherd, J. M., Businelle, M. S., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2022). Evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of a mobile-based health technology for smoking cessation: Mobile Anxiety Sensitivity Program. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 111-129.
12. Alshahrani, F. D. M. (2024). Persuasive Technology for the Future of Smoking Cessation. Advances in Internet of Things, 14(2), 36-52.
13. Hicks, J. L., Boswell, M. A., Althoff, T., Crum, A. J., Ku, J. P., Landay, J. A., ... & Delp, S. L. (2023). Leveraging mobile technology for public health promotion: A multidisciplinary perspective. Annual review of public health, 44(1), 131-150.
14. Arifin, R. F., & Nallappan, D. (2023). The Use of Smartphone as A Technology-Based Intervention on Managing Nutrition among The Obese Population: A Literature Review. International Journal of Nursing Information, 2(2), 22-27.
15. van Dijk, W., Huizink, A. C., Oosterman, M., Lemmers-Jansen, I. L., & de Vente, W. (2023). Validation of photoplethysmography using a mobile phone application for the assessment of heart rate variability in the context of heart rate variability–biofeedback. Psychosomatic medicine, 85(7), 568-576.
16. Li, K., Cardoso, C., Moctezuma-Ramirez, A., Elgalad, A., & Perin, E. (2023). Heart Rate Variability Measurement through a Smart Wearable Device: Another Breakthrough for Personal Health Monitoring?. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(24), 7146.
17. Alruwaili, M., Siddiqi, M. H., Farid, K., Azad, M., Alanazi, S. A., Khan, A., & Khan, A. (2023). A Health Monitoring System Using IoT-Based Android Mobile Application. Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng., 47(2), 2293-2311.
18. Nelson, B. W., Harvie, H. M., Jain, B., Knight, E. L., Roos, L. E., & Giuliano, R. J. (2023). Smartphone photoplethysmography pulse rate covaries with stress and anxiety during a digital acute social stressor. Psychosomatic Medicine, 85(7), 577-584.
19. Korkmaz, S., & Arıkan, G. (2021). e-Nabız uygulamasını değerlendirmek için kullanılan yeni bir araç: mobil uygulama derecelendirme ölçeği. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 625-636.
20. Currie, W. L., & Seddon, J. J. (2014). Social innovation in public health: can mobile technology make a difference?. Information Systems Management, 31(3), 187-199.
21. Siripurapu, S., Darimireddy, N. K., Chehri, A., Sridhar, B., & Paramkusam, A. V. (2023). Technological advancements and elucidation gadgets for Healthcare applications: An exhaustive methodological review-part-I (AI, big data, block chain, open-source technologies, and cloud Computing). Electronics, 12(3), 750.
22. Ülke, R., & Atilla, E. A. (2020). Sağlık hizmetlerinde bilişim sistemleri ve e-sağlık: Ankara ili örneği. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 6(1), 86-100.
23. Herselman, M., Botha, A., Toivanen, H., Myllyoja, J., Fogwill, T., & Alberts, R. (2016). A digital health innovation ecosystem for South Africa. In 2016 IST-Africa Week Conference, 11 - 13 May 2016. Durban, South Africa.
24. Mumtaz, H., Riaz, M. H., Wajid, H., Saqib, M., Zeeshan, M. H., Khan, S. E., ... & Vohra, L. I. (2023). Current challenges and potential solutions to the use of digital health technologies in evidence generation: a narrative review. Frontiers in Digital Health, 5, 1203945.
25. Lupton, D. (2013). The digitally engaged patient: Self-monitoring and self-care in the digital health era. Social Theory & Health, 11, 256-270.
26. Silva, B. M., Rodrigues, J. J., de la Torre Díez, I., López-Coronado, M., & Saleem, K. (2015). Mobile-health: A review of current state in 2015. Journal of biomedical informatics, 56, 265-272.
27. Çelikoyar, M. M., Topsakal, O., & Gürbüz, S. (2019). Mobile technology for recording surgical procedures. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 42(3), 120-125.
28. Kutlay, A., Özgiray, S., Yücecengiz, I., Öztörün, S., & Yaldız, B. (2016). Kurumsal mobil sağlık bilgi sistemi: yaklaşım ve deneyimler. 10th Turkish National Software Engineering Symposium. October 24-26, 2016, Canakkale, Turkey.
29. Bali, R.K. & Dwivedi, A.N. (2007). Healthcare Knowledge Management, New York: Health Informatics Series.
30. Massaro, M. (2023). Digital transformation in the healthcare sector through blockchain technology. Insights from academic research and business developments. Technovation, 120, 102386.
31. Rani, S., Bhambri, P., & Kataria, A. (2023). Integration of IoT, Big Data, and Cloud Computing Technologies: Trend of the Era. In Big Data, Cloud Computing and IoT (pp. 1-21). England: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
32. Shajari, S., Kuruvinashetti, K., Komeili, A., & Sundararaj, U. (2023). The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review. Sensors, 23(23), 9498.
33. Banderker, N., & Van Belle, J. P. (2009). Adoption of mobile technology by public healthcare doctors: A developing country perspective. International Journal of Healthcare Delivery Reform Initiatives (IJHDRI), 1(3), 38-54.
34. Dorn, S. D. (2015). Digital health: hope, hype, and Amara's law. Gastroenterology, 149(3), 516-520.
35. Damar, M. (2021). Metaverse shape of your life for future: A bibliometric snapshot. Journal of Metaverse, 1(1), 1-8.
36. Damar, M. (2022c). What the literature on medicine, nursing, public health, midwifery, and dentistry reveals: An overview of the rapidly approaching metaverse. Journal of Metaverse, 2(2), 62-70.
37. Eysenbach, G. (2001). What is e-health?. Journal of medical Internet research, 3(2), e833.
38. Tezcan, C. (2016). Sağlığa Yenilikçi Bir Bakış Açısı: Mobil Sağlık. İstanbul: TÜSİAD. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://afyonluoglu.org/PublicWebFiles/ict/TUSIAD/2016-03%20TUSIAD-Mobil%20Sağlık%20Raporu.pdf
39. Ni, Z., Wu, B., Samples, C., & Shaw, R. J. (2014). Mobile technology for health care in rural China. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 1(3), 323-324.
40. Mohamedpour, M., Faal, Z. M., & Fasanghari, M. (2009). A proposed framework for effective mobile services acceptance factors. In 2009 Fourth International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology (pp. 250-255). 24-26 November 2009, Seul, Korea, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCIT.2009.92
41. Kushchu, I., & Kuscu, H. (2003). From E-government to M-government: Facing the Inevitable. In the 3rd European Conference on e-Government (pp. 253-260). 3-4 July, 2003, MCIL Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
42. Kamal, K. K., Kumar, M., Shrivastava, S., & Chourasia, P. (2016). Mobile Seva-Enabling mGovernance in India. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose California USA May 7 - 12, 2016.
43. Azeez, N. D., & Lakulu, M. M. (2019). Review of mobile government at developing countries: benefits and challenges. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 3(2), 198-219.
44. Alssbaiheen, A., & Love, S. (2016). Mobile Government in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction (IJMHCI), 8(3), 18-37.
45. Khoong, E. C., Olazo, K., Rivadeneira, N. A., Thatipelli, S., Barr-Walker, J., Fontil, V., ... & Sarkar, U. (2021). Mobile health strategies for blood pressure self-management in urban populations with digital barriers: systematic review and meta-analyses. NPJ digital medicine, 4(1), 114.
46. Bozorgi, A., Hosseini, H., Eftekhar, H., Majdzadeh, R., Yoonessi, A., Ramezankhani, A., ... & Ashoorkhani, M. (2021). The effect of the mobile "blood pressure management application" on hypertension self-management enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 22(1), 413.
47. Doupis, J., Festas, G., Tsilivigos, C., Efthymiou, V., & Kokkinos, A. (2020). Smartphone-based technology in diabetes management. Diabetes Therapy, 11(3), 607-619.
48. Bergenstal, R. M., Layne, J. E., Zisser, H., Gabbay, R. A., Barleen, N. A., Lee, A. A., ... & Dixon, R. F. (2021). Remote application and use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring by adults with type 2 diabetes in a virtual diabetes clinic. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 23(2), 128-132.
49. Hashim, U. N., Salahuddin, L., Ikram, R. R. R., Hashim, U. R., Ngo, H. C., & Mohayat, M. H. N. (2021). The design and implementation of Mobile heart monitoring applications using wearable heart rate sensor. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12(1),168-173.
50. Denysyuk, H. V., Amado, J., Gonçalves, N. J., Zdravevski, E., Garcia, N. M., & Pires, I. M. (2022). Monitoring of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Analysis of the Mobile Applications Available in the Google Play Store. Electronics, 11(12), 1881.
51. Kong, F. W., Horsham, C., Ngoo, A., Soyer, H. P., & Janda, M. (2021). Review of smartphone mobile applications for skin cancer detection: what are the changes in availability, functionality, and costs to users over time?. International Journal of Dermatology, 60(3), 289-308.
52. Kousis, I., Perikos, I., Hatzilygeroudis, I., & Virvou, M. (2022). Deep learning methods for accurate skin cancer recognition and mobile application. Electronics, 11(9), 1294.
53. Fordington, S., & Brown, T. H. (2020). An evaluation of the Hear Glue Ear mobile application for children aged 2-8 years old with otitis media with effusion. Digital health, 6, 2055207620966163.
54. Chen, Y. C., Chu, Y. C., Huang, C. Y., Lee, Y. T., Lee, W. Y., Hsu, C. Y., ... & Cheng, Y. F. (2022). Smartphone-based artificial intelligence using a transfer learning algorithm for the detection and diagnosis of middle ear diseases: A retrospective deep learning study. EClinicalMedicine, 51,101543.
55. Wijaya, I. G. P. S., Mulyana, H., Kadriyan, H., & Fa'rifah, R. Y. (2023). The Design of Convolutional Neural Networks Model for Classification of Ear Diseases on Android Mobile Devices. JOIV: International Journal on Informatics Visualization, 7(1), 84-91.
56. Dinh, T., Nguyen, T., Phan, H. P., Nguyen, N. T., Dao, D. V., & Bell, J. (2020). Stretchable respiration sensors: Advanced designs and multifunctional platforms for wearable physiological monitoring. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 166, 112460.
57. Sharma, P., Hui, X., Zhou, J., Conroy, T. B., & Kan, E. C. (2020). Wearable radio-frequency sensing of respiratory rate, respiratory volume, and heart rate. NPJ digital medicine, 3(1), 98.
58. Yilmaz, G., Rapin, M., Pessoa, D., Rocha, B. M., de Sousa, A. M., Rusconi, R., ... & Chételat, O. (2020). A wearable stethoscope for long-term ambulatory respiratory health monitoring. Sensors, 20(18), 5124.
59. Meegahapola, L., Droz, W., Kun, P., De Götzen, A., Nutakki, C., Diwakar, S., ... & Gatica-Perez, D. (2023). Generalization and personalization of mobile sensing-based mood inference models: an analysis of college students in eight countries. Proceedings of the ACM on interactive, mobile, wearable and ubiquitous technologies, 6(4), 1-32.
60. Pedrelli, P., Fedor, S., Ghandeharioun, A., Howe, E., Ionescu, D. F., Bhathena, D., ... & Picard, R. W. (2020). Monitoring changes in depression severity using wearable and mobile sensors. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 584711.
61. Liu, Z., Wang, G., Ye, C., Sun, H., Pei, W., Wei, C., ... & Shen, G. (2021). An ultrasensitive contact lens sensor based on self-assembly graphene for continuous intraocular pressure monitoring. Advanced Functional Materials, 31(29), 2010991.
62. Anaya, D. V., He, T., Lee, C., & Yuce, M. R. (2020). Self-powered eye motion sensor based on triboelectric interaction and near-field electrostatic induction for wearable assistive technologies. Nano Energy, 72, 104675.
63. Warmerdam, E., Hausdorff, J. M., Atrsaei, A., Zhou, Y., Mirelman, A., Aminian, K., ... & Maetzler, W. (2020). Long-term unsupervised mobility assessment in movement disorders. The Lancet Neurology, 19(5), 462-470.
64. Powers, R., Etezadi-Amoli, M., Arnold, E. M., Kianian, S., Mance, I., Gibiansky, M., ... & Ullal, A. V. (2021). Smartwatch inertial sensors continuously monitor real-world motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Science translational medicine, 13(579), eabd7865.
65. TajDini, M., Sokolov, V., Kuzminykh, I., Shiaeles, S., & Ghita, B. (2020). Wireless sensors for brain activity-A survey. Electronics, 9(12), 2092.
66. Anikwe, C. V., Nweke, H. F., Ikegwu, A. C., Egwuonwu, C. A., Onu, F. U., Alo, U. R., & Teh, Y. W. (2022). Mobile and wearable sensors for data-driven health monitoring system: State-of-the-art and future prospect. Expert Systems with Applications, 202, 117362.
67. Sana, F., Isselbacher, E. M., Singh, J. P., Heist, E. K., Pathik, B., & Armoundas, A. A. (2020). Wearable devices for ambulatory cardiac monitoring: JACC state-of-the-art review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75(13), 1582-1592.
68. Nemcova, A., Jordanova, I., Varecka, M., Smisek, R., Marsanova, L., Smital, L., & Vitek, M. (2020). Monitoring of heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and blood pressure using a smartphone. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 59, 101928.
69. Pal, S., Mukhopadhyay, S., & Suryadevara, N. (2021). Development and progress in sensors and technologies for human emotion recognition. Sensors, 21(16), 5554.
70. Roy, D., Jana, M., Tuccu, C., Pal, A., Kumar, R., & Bag, S. (2024). Integration of Heart Rate and SpO2 Monitoring in Wearable Health Technology. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 72, 1613-1618.
71. Chen, H. Y., Chen, A., & Chen, C. (2020). Investigation of the impact of infrared sensors on core body temperature monitoring by comparing measurement sites. Sensors, 20(10), 2885.
72. Zhang, S., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Ding, B., Guo, S., & Wang, J. (2020). Accurate respiration monitoring for mobile users with commercial RFID devices. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 39(2), 513-525.
73. Mortazavi, B. J., & Gutierrez-Osuna, R. (2023). A review of digital innovations for diet monitoring and precision nutrition. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 17(1), 217-223.
74. Ufholz, K., & Werner, J. (2023). The efficacy of mobile applications for weight loss. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 17(4), 83-90.
75. Coşkun, M. B. (2018). Türk Kamu Yönetimi Perspektifinden E-Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sağlık Politikalarındaki Yeri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 16(1), 289-302.
76. Ha, J. F., & Longnecker, N. (2010). Doctor-patient communication: a review. Ochsner journal, 10(1), 38-43.
77. Işık, A., & Güler, İ. (2010). Teletıpta mobil uygulama çalışması ve mobil iletişim teknolojilerinin analizi. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 3(1),1-10.
78. Ardahan, M. & Akdeniz, C. (2018). Mobil sağlık ve hemşirelik. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 27(6), 427-433.
79. Yayla, E. N., & Çizmeci, B. (2022). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı'nın Mobil Sağlık Uygulamalarının Bilinirliğine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 13(33),25-270.
80. Toygar, Ş. A. (2018). E-Sağlık Uygulamaları. Yasama Dergisi, 37(2018),101-123.
81. Sharma, S., Kumari, B., Ali, A., Yadav, R. K., Sharma, A. K., Sharma, K. K., ... & Singh, G. K. (2022). Mobile technology: A tool for healthcare and a boon in pandemic. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 11(1), 37-43.
82. Adrenals EU, (2024). Joined forces towards better care for people with an adrenal disease. Access date: 02/07/2024. https://adrenals.eu/
83. NHS App, (2024). NHS Digital NHS App. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/1388411277?country=US
84. NHS COVID-19, (2024). Department of Health & Social Care. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/1520427663?country=US
85. NHSCouchto5K, (2024). Google Play Store, NHS Couch to 5K. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.phe.couchto5K&gl=GB&pli=1
86. Smokefree, (2024). Smoke Free - Stop Smoking Now. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/577767592?country=GB
87. DrinkFreeDays, (2024). Department of Health and Social Care (Digital). Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/1196694906?country=GB
88. MindfulnessUK, (2024). Mindfulness UK. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/1182890707?country=US
89. Everymind, (2024). Frequently Asked Questions. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://everymindatwork.com/faq/
90. GoodSAMResponder, (2024). GoodSAM Responder. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/com.goodsam.responder?country=US
91. BloodDonor, (2024). Blood Donor American Red Cross. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cube.arc.blood&hl=en_US
92. IneraAB, (2024). 1177 Inera AB. 177Vårdguiden. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/1441948105?country=US
93. Kry - ErfarenVårdpersonal, (2024). KRY - Trygg vård i mobilen KRY International AB. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/968052278?country=US
94. Min Doktor, (2024). Min Doktor - Vard & vaccin MD International AB. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/1104213750?country=US
95. Cruz-Jesus, F., Oliveira, T., & Bacao, F. (2012). Digital divide across the European Union. Information & Management, 49(6), 278-291
96. Mulas, V. (2012). Information and communications for development- maximizing mobile. In Policies for mobile broadband (Chapter 7, pp. 103-112). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
97. Free, C., Phillips, G., Watson, L., Galli, L., Felix, L., Edwards, P., ... & Haines, A. (2013). The effectiveness of mobile-health technologies to improve health care service delivery processes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS medicine, 10(1), e1001363.
98. Çetinkol, A.E., Damar, M, & Benli, Z. (2023). Birinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmetlerinde İnovasyon Neden Önemli Ve Küresel Literatür Bize Ne Söylüyor. Editör, Prof. Dr. Ahmet Özen, Doç. Dr. Muhammet Damar. Dijital Dönüşüm Ve Değişen Uygulamalar. İstanbul: Efe Akademi.
99. Howarth, J. (2024). Time Spent Using Smartphones (2024 Statistics). Access date: 10/06/2024. https://explodingtopics.com/blog/smartphone-usage-stats
100. Kickbusch, I. (2009). Policy innovations for health. New York: Springer.
101. Aydın, N. (2020). Sağlıkta yeni bir dönem: mobil sağlık. Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 6(38), 2438-2447.
102. CDC, (2024). CDC Content in Your Hands 24/7. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://www.cdc.gov/digital-social-media-tools/mobile/applications/cdcgeneral/promos/cdcmobileapp.html
103. VA, (2024). VA: Health and Benefits US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/1559609596?country=US
104. MyChart, (2024). MyChart. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/382952264?country=US
105. HealthTap, (2024). HealthTap - Online Doctors. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/com.healthtap.userhtexpress?country=US
106. COVIDSafe, (2024). COVIDSafe Inactive Australian Department of Health. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/1509242894?country=AU
107. MyHealthRecords, (2024). MyHealth Records The Government of Alberta. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/1545953662?country=AU
108. HealthDirect, (2024). Healthdirect Australia Ltd. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/1021494621?country=AU
109. QuitNow, (2024). QuitNow: Quit smoking for good. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/com.EAGINsoftware.dejaloYa?country=AU
110. MyQuitBuddy, (2024). Australian Department of Health. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://app.sensortower.com/overview/527485761?country=US
111. Maple -OnlineDoctors, (2024). Maple - Online Doctors 24/7 Virtual Medical Care & Advice Maple Corporation. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://apps.apple.com/ca/app/maple-online-doctors-24-7/id1294926209
112. CANImmunize, (2024). CANImmunize. Access date: 09/07/2024. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ca.ohri.immunizeapp&gl=CA
113. Tiwari, S. P. (2022). Knowledge Enhancement and Mobile Technology: Improving Effectiveness and Efficiency. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5(7), 127-134.
114. Mengistu, D., Zo, H., & Rho, J. J. (2009). M-government: opportunities and challenges to deliver mobile government services in developing countries. In 2009 Fourth International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology (pp. 1445-1450). IEEE, 24-26 November 2009, Seoul, South Korea.
115. Gulshan, V., Peng, L., Coram, M., Stumpe, M. C., Wu, D., Narayanaswamy, A., ... & Webster, D. R. (2016). Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs. JAMA, 316(22), 2402-2410.
116. Damar, M. (2022a). Dijital Dünyanın Dünü, Bugünü Ve Yarını: Bilişim Sektörünün Gelişimi Üzerine Değerlendirme. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 12(Dijitalleşme), 51-76.
117. Damar, M. (2022b). Dijital çağda bilişim sektörünün ihtiyacı olan yetkinlikler üzerine bir değerlendirme. Journal of Information Systems and Management Research, 4(1), 25-40.
118. Engin, M., & Gürses, F. (2018). E-devletin benimsenmesi: sağlık alanında bir uygulama. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(3), 211-223.
119. Andersen, K. V., Fogelgren-Pedersen, A., & Varshney, U. (2003). Mobile organizing using information technology (MOBIT). Information, Communication & Society, 6(2), 211-228.
120. Hartman, D. J. (2016). Mobile technology for the practice of pathology. Advances in Anatomic Pathology, 23(2), 118-124.
121. Bhavnani, S. P., Narula, J., & Sengupta, P. P. (2016). Mobile technology and the digitization of healthcare. European heart journal, 37(18), 1428.
122. Kahn, J. G., Yang, J. S., & Kahn, J. S. (2010). Mobile health needs and opportunities in developing countries. Health affairs, 29(2), 252-258.
123. Franz, H. W., Hochgerner, J., & Howaldt, J. (2012). Challenge social innova-tion. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.