Research Article
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Year 2020, , 25 - 37, 24.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.437852

Abstract

References

  • Adıgüzel, A., Kaya, A., Balay, R., & Göçen, A. (2014). The relationship between teacher candidates’ individual innovativeness and their learning attitudes. Journal of National Education, 204, 135-154.
  • Akçöltekin, A. (2017). Investigation of the relationship between high school teachers' individual innovativeness perceptions and their attitudes towards educational research. Journal of Education, Theory and Practical Research, 3(1), 23-37.
  • Aslan, A. E. (2002). Örgütte kişisel gelişim [Personal development in the organization]. Ankara: Nobel Publications.
  • Aydoğdu, N., & Yüksel, İ. (2013). The relationship between prospective mathematics teachers’ beliefs and attitudes towards history of mathematics and their creativeness level. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 2(4), 186-194.
  • Başaran, S. D., & Keleş, S. (2015). Who is innovative? Examination of teachers’ innovativeness level. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 30(4), 106-118.
  • Birişçi, S., & Karal, H. (2015). Effect of collaborative studies on prospective teachers’ creative thinking skills while designing computer based material. Ahi Evran University Kırşehir Journal of Education Faculty, 12(2), 203-219.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Data analysis for social sciences: Manual book]. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publications.
  • Çalışkan, M., Negiş Işık, A., & Saygın, Y. (2013). Prospective teachers' perception of ideal teacher. Elementary Education Online, 12(2), 575-584.
  • Çuhadar, C., Bülbül, T., & Ilgaz, G. (2013). Exploring of the relationship between individual innovativeness and techno-pedagogical education competencies of pre-service teachers. Elementary Education Online, 12(3), 797-807.
  • Deniz, S. (2016). Individualistic innovative characteristics of preservice teachers. Electronic Turkish Studies, 11(9), 267-278.
  • Doğan, N. (2016). Creative thinking and creativity. Pegem Citation Index, 5, 167-198.
  • Duran, C., & Saraçoğlu, M. (2009). The relationship between innovation and creativity and development of innovation process. Management and Economy: Journal of Celal Bayar University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 16(1), 57-71.
  • Emir, S., & Bahar, M. (2003). Teacher and student opinions about creativity. Abant İzzet Baysal University Journal Social Sciences Institue.
  • Emir, S., Erdoğan, T., & Kuyumcu, A. (2007). The relationship between creative thinking levels and socio-cultural characteristics of Turkish language teaching students. HAYEF: Journal of Education, 4(1), 73-87.
  • Ferrari, A., Cachia, R., & Punie, Y. (2009). Innovation and creativity in education and training in the EU member states: Fostering creative learning and supporting innovative teaching - literature review on innovation and creativity in E&T in the EU member states (ICEAC). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Gök, B., & Erdoğan, T. (2011). The investigation of the creative thinking levels and the critical thinking disposition of pre-service elementary teachers. Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 44(2), 29-51.
  • Gür, H., & Kandemir, M . (2006). Creativity and mathematics education. Elementary Education Online, 5(1), 65-72.
  • Hurt, H. T., Joseph, K., & Cook, C. D. (1977). Scales for the measurement of innovativeness. Human Communication Research, 4(1), 58-65.
  • Işık, C., & Türkmendağ, T. (2016). Determinants of individual innovativeness perception of Atatürk university tourism faculty students. Gazi University Journal of Tourism Faculty, 70-99.
  • Karasar, N. (2015). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama [Preparing reports in researches]. Ankara: Nobel Academy Publications.
  • Karataş, S., & Özcan, S. (2010). The effects of creative thinking activities on learners’ creative thinking and project development skills. Ahi Evran University Kırşehir Journal of Education Faculty, 11(1), 225-243.
  • Kert, S. B., & Tekdal, M. (2012). Comparison of the perception of innovation of individuals attending different education faculties. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 11(4), 1150-1161.
  • Kılıç, H. (2015). İlköğretim branş öğretmenlerinin bireysel yenilikçilik düzeyleri ve yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimleri: Denizli ili örneği [Individual innovation levels and lifelong learning trends of primary education teachers: Denizli province example] (Unpublished master thesis). Pamukkale University Institue of Educational Sciences, Denizli.
  • Kılıçer, K. (2011). Bilgisayar ve öğretim teknolojileri eğitimi öğretmen adaylarının bireysel yenilikçilik profilleri [Individual innovation profiles of pre-service teachers of computer and instructional technology education] (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Anadolu University Institue of Educational Sciences, Eskişehir.
  • Kılıçer, K., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2010). Individual innovativeness scale (IS): The study of adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 38(38), 150-164.
  • Korucu, A. T., & Olpak, Y. Z. (2015). Examination of teacher candidates’ individual innovativeness properties from the different variables. Educational Technology: Thaeory and Practice, 5(1), 11-127.
  • Kozikoglu, İ. (2017). Prospective teachers' cognitive constructs concerning ıdeal teacher qualifications: A phenomenological analysis based on repertory grid technique. International Journal of Instruction, 10(3), 63-78.
  • Köroğlu, A. Y. (2014). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin ve öğretmen adaylarının bilişim teknolojileri öz-yeterlik algıları, teknolojik araç-gereç kullanım tutumları ve bireysel yenilikçilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of information technologies self-efficacy perceptions, technological tools and equipment attitudes and individual innovation levels of pre-school teachers and prospective teachers] (Unpublished master thesis). Gazi University Institue of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
  • Lee, Y. J. (2011). A case study on the effect of technology innovation on learning effectiveness: Using a moderator of integrating information technology into teaching. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 33-46.
  • Loogma, K., Kruusvall, J., & Ümarik, M. (2012). E-learning as innovation: Exploring innovativeness of the VET teachers’ community in Estonia. Computers & Education, 58(2), 808-817.
  • Örün, Ö., Orhan, D., Dönmez, P., & Kurt, A. A. (2015). Exploring the relationship between individual innovativeness and technology attitude of teacher candidates. Trakya University Journal of Education Faculty, 5(1), 65-76.
  • Özabacı, N., & Acat, B. M. (2005). A comparative study of ideal and self characteristics of teacher candidates. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 11(2), 211-236.
  • Özerbaş, M. A. (2011). The effect of creative thinking teaching environment on academic achievement and retention of knowledge. Gazi University Journal of Education Faculty, 31(3), 675-705.
  • Özgenel, M., & Çetin, M. (2017). Development of the Marmara creative thinking dispositions scale: Validity and reliability analysis. Journal of Educational Sciences, 46(46), 113-132.
  • Özgür, H. (2013). Investigation of the relationship between critical thinking tendencies and individual innovativeness of information technologies prospective teachers in terms of various variables. Mersin University Journal of Education Faculty, 9(2), 409-420.
  • Richardson-Kemp, C., & Yan, W. (2003). Urban school teachers' elf-efficacy beliefs and practices, innovation practices, and related factors in integrating technology. In Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1073-1076). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York, A Division Macmillan Publishing.
  • Runco, M. A., & Johnson, D. J. (2002). Parents' and teachers' implicit theories of children's creativity: A cross-cultural perspective. Creativity Research Journal, 14(3-4), 427-438.
  • Seechaliao, T. (2017). Instructional strategies to support creativity and innovation in education. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(4), 201-208.
  • Sönmez, S. (2004). The value of education and experience. Atatürk University Journal of Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty, 9, 351-364.
  • Stoltzfus, G., Nibbelink, B. L., Vredenburg, D., & Hyrum, E. (2011). Gender, gender role, and creativity. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(3), 425-432.
  • Taylor, C. W., & Sacks, D. (1981). Facilitating lifetime creative processes-A think piece. Gifted Child Quarterly, 25(3), 116-118.
  • Tok, E., & Sevinç, M. (2012). The effects of thinking skills education on the creative thinking skills of preschool teacher candidates. Education and Science, 37(164), 204-222.
  • Torrance, E. P. (1965). Scientific views of creativity and factors affecting its growth. Daedalus, 663-681.
  • Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass.
  • Tunca, N., Şahin, S. A., Oğuz, A., & Güner, H. Ö. B. (2015). Qualities of ideal teacher educators. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 6(2), 122-148.
  • Ülger, K. (2016). The relationship between creative thinking and critical thinking skills of students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 31(4). 695-710.
  • Yaman, S., & Yalçın, N. (2005). Effectiveness on creative thinking skills of problem based learning approach in science teaching. Elementary Education Online, 4(1), 42-52.
  • Yenilmez, K., & Yolcu, B. (2007). Contributions of teachers’ behaviors on creative thinking abilities. Journal of Social Sciences, 18, 95-105.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Ankara: Seçkin Publications.
  • Yıldız, L., Zırhlıoğlu, G., Yalçınkaya, M., & Güven, Ş. (2011). Creativity and problem solving skills of physical education teacher candidates. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Education Faculty, 8, 18-36.
  • Yılmaz Öztürk, Z., & Summak, M. (2015). Investigation of primary school teachers’ individual innovativeness. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 2, 844-853.
  • Yılmaz, R., & Beşkaya, Y. M. (2018). Investigation of lifelong learning trends and individual innovativeness level of education administrators. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 51(1), 159-181.
  • Young, J. G. (1985). What is creativity?. The Journal Of Creative Behavior, 19(2), 77-87.

The Investigation of the Relationship between Teachers’ Creative Thinking Tendencies and Individual Innovativeness Characteristics

Year 2020, , 25 - 37, 24.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.437852

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the relationship between teachers' creative thinking tendencies and individual innovativeness characteristics. This study used correlational survey model and was carried out with 283 teachers from different branches working in Turkey. "Critical Thinking Dispositions Scale" developed by Özgenel and Çetin (2017), "Individual Innovativeness Scale" adapted into Turkish by Kılıçer and Odabaşı (2010) were used as data collection tools. In data analysis; descriptive statistics (arithmetic mean and standard deviation), differential statistics (t test and ANOVA), Pearson Product Moments Correlation Coefficient and simple linear regression analysis were used. The results show that teachers' creative thinking tendencies are at high level and individual innovativeness characteristics are in the "early adopters" and "early majority" categories. While teachers' creative thinking tendencies and individual innovativeness characteristics did not change significantly according to gender, it was determined that teachers who had 16 years and more experience had a higher level of creative thinking tendencies and individual innovative scores than teachers who had between 1-5 years. A moderate, positive and significant relationship was found to be between teachers' creative thinking tendencies and individual innovativeness characteristics.

References

  • Adıgüzel, A., Kaya, A., Balay, R., & Göçen, A. (2014). The relationship between teacher candidates’ individual innovativeness and their learning attitudes. Journal of National Education, 204, 135-154.
  • Akçöltekin, A. (2017). Investigation of the relationship between high school teachers' individual innovativeness perceptions and their attitudes towards educational research. Journal of Education, Theory and Practical Research, 3(1), 23-37.
  • Aslan, A. E. (2002). Örgütte kişisel gelişim [Personal development in the organization]. Ankara: Nobel Publications.
  • Aydoğdu, N., & Yüksel, İ. (2013). The relationship between prospective mathematics teachers’ beliefs and attitudes towards history of mathematics and their creativeness level. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 2(4), 186-194.
  • Başaran, S. D., & Keleş, S. (2015). Who is innovative? Examination of teachers’ innovativeness level. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 30(4), 106-118.
  • Birişçi, S., & Karal, H. (2015). Effect of collaborative studies on prospective teachers’ creative thinking skills while designing computer based material. Ahi Evran University Kırşehir Journal of Education Faculty, 12(2), 203-219.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Data analysis for social sciences: Manual book]. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publications.
  • Çalışkan, M., Negiş Işık, A., & Saygın, Y. (2013). Prospective teachers' perception of ideal teacher. Elementary Education Online, 12(2), 575-584.
  • Çuhadar, C., Bülbül, T., & Ilgaz, G. (2013). Exploring of the relationship between individual innovativeness and techno-pedagogical education competencies of pre-service teachers. Elementary Education Online, 12(3), 797-807.
  • Deniz, S. (2016). Individualistic innovative characteristics of preservice teachers. Electronic Turkish Studies, 11(9), 267-278.
  • Doğan, N. (2016). Creative thinking and creativity. Pegem Citation Index, 5, 167-198.
  • Duran, C., & Saraçoğlu, M. (2009). The relationship between innovation and creativity and development of innovation process. Management and Economy: Journal of Celal Bayar University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 16(1), 57-71.
  • Emir, S., & Bahar, M. (2003). Teacher and student opinions about creativity. Abant İzzet Baysal University Journal Social Sciences Institue.
  • Emir, S., Erdoğan, T., & Kuyumcu, A. (2007). The relationship between creative thinking levels and socio-cultural characteristics of Turkish language teaching students. HAYEF: Journal of Education, 4(1), 73-87.
  • Ferrari, A., Cachia, R., & Punie, Y. (2009). Innovation and creativity in education and training in the EU member states: Fostering creative learning and supporting innovative teaching - literature review on innovation and creativity in E&T in the EU member states (ICEAC). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Gök, B., & Erdoğan, T. (2011). The investigation of the creative thinking levels and the critical thinking disposition of pre-service elementary teachers. Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 44(2), 29-51.
  • Gür, H., & Kandemir, M . (2006). Creativity and mathematics education. Elementary Education Online, 5(1), 65-72.
  • Hurt, H. T., Joseph, K., & Cook, C. D. (1977). Scales for the measurement of innovativeness. Human Communication Research, 4(1), 58-65.
  • Işık, C., & Türkmendağ, T. (2016). Determinants of individual innovativeness perception of Atatürk university tourism faculty students. Gazi University Journal of Tourism Faculty, 70-99.
  • Karasar, N. (2015). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama [Preparing reports in researches]. Ankara: Nobel Academy Publications.
  • Karataş, S., & Özcan, S. (2010). The effects of creative thinking activities on learners’ creative thinking and project development skills. Ahi Evran University Kırşehir Journal of Education Faculty, 11(1), 225-243.
  • Kert, S. B., & Tekdal, M. (2012). Comparison of the perception of innovation of individuals attending different education faculties. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 11(4), 1150-1161.
  • Kılıç, H. (2015). İlköğretim branş öğretmenlerinin bireysel yenilikçilik düzeyleri ve yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimleri: Denizli ili örneği [Individual innovation levels and lifelong learning trends of primary education teachers: Denizli province example] (Unpublished master thesis). Pamukkale University Institue of Educational Sciences, Denizli.
  • Kılıçer, K. (2011). Bilgisayar ve öğretim teknolojileri eğitimi öğretmen adaylarının bireysel yenilikçilik profilleri [Individual innovation profiles of pre-service teachers of computer and instructional technology education] (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Anadolu University Institue of Educational Sciences, Eskişehir.
  • Kılıçer, K., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2010). Individual innovativeness scale (IS): The study of adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 38(38), 150-164.
  • Korucu, A. T., & Olpak, Y. Z. (2015). Examination of teacher candidates’ individual innovativeness properties from the different variables. Educational Technology: Thaeory and Practice, 5(1), 11-127.
  • Kozikoglu, İ. (2017). Prospective teachers' cognitive constructs concerning ıdeal teacher qualifications: A phenomenological analysis based on repertory grid technique. International Journal of Instruction, 10(3), 63-78.
  • Köroğlu, A. Y. (2014). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin ve öğretmen adaylarının bilişim teknolojileri öz-yeterlik algıları, teknolojik araç-gereç kullanım tutumları ve bireysel yenilikçilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of information technologies self-efficacy perceptions, technological tools and equipment attitudes and individual innovation levels of pre-school teachers and prospective teachers] (Unpublished master thesis). Gazi University Institue of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
  • Lee, Y. J. (2011). A case study on the effect of technology innovation on learning effectiveness: Using a moderator of integrating information technology into teaching. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 33-46.
  • Loogma, K., Kruusvall, J., & Ümarik, M. (2012). E-learning as innovation: Exploring innovativeness of the VET teachers’ community in Estonia. Computers & Education, 58(2), 808-817.
  • Örün, Ö., Orhan, D., Dönmez, P., & Kurt, A. A. (2015). Exploring the relationship between individual innovativeness and technology attitude of teacher candidates. Trakya University Journal of Education Faculty, 5(1), 65-76.
  • Özabacı, N., & Acat, B. M. (2005). A comparative study of ideal and self characteristics of teacher candidates. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 11(2), 211-236.
  • Özerbaş, M. A. (2011). The effect of creative thinking teaching environment on academic achievement and retention of knowledge. Gazi University Journal of Education Faculty, 31(3), 675-705.
  • Özgenel, M., & Çetin, M. (2017). Development of the Marmara creative thinking dispositions scale: Validity and reliability analysis. Journal of Educational Sciences, 46(46), 113-132.
  • Özgür, H. (2013). Investigation of the relationship between critical thinking tendencies and individual innovativeness of information technologies prospective teachers in terms of various variables. Mersin University Journal of Education Faculty, 9(2), 409-420.
  • Richardson-Kemp, C., & Yan, W. (2003). Urban school teachers' elf-efficacy beliefs and practices, innovation practices, and related factors in integrating technology. In Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1073-1076). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  • Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York, A Division Macmillan Publishing.
  • Runco, M. A., & Johnson, D. J. (2002). Parents' and teachers' implicit theories of children's creativity: A cross-cultural perspective. Creativity Research Journal, 14(3-4), 427-438.
  • Seechaliao, T. (2017). Instructional strategies to support creativity and innovation in education. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(4), 201-208.
  • Sönmez, S. (2004). The value of education and experience. Atatürk University Journal of Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty, 9, 351-364.
  • Stoltzfus, G., Nibbelink, B. L., Vredenburg, D., & Hyrum, E. (2011). Gender, gender role, and creativity. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(3), 425-432.
  • Taylor, C. W., & Sacks, D. (1981). Facilitating lifetime creative processes-A think piece. Gifted Child Quarterly, 25(3), 116-118.
  • Tok, E., & Sevinç, M. (2012). The effects of thinking skills education on the creative thinking skills of preschool teacher candidates. Education and Science, 37(164), 204-222.
  • Torrance, E. P. (1965). Scientific views of creativity and factors affecting its growth. Daedalus, 663-681.
  • Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass.
  • Tunca, N., Şahin, S. A., Oğuz, A., & Güner, H. Ö. B. (2015). Qualities of ideal teacher educators. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 6(2), 122-148.
  • Ülger, K. (2016). The relationship between creative thinking and critical thinking skills of students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 31(4). 695-710.
  • Yaman, S., & Yalçın, N. (2005). Effectiveness on creative thinking skills of problem based learning approach in science teaching. Elementary Education Online, 4(1), 42-52.
  • Yenilmez, K., & Yolcu, B. (2007). Contributions of teachers’ behaviors on creative thinking abilities. Journal of Social Sciences, 18, 95-105.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Ankara: Seçkin Publications.
  • Yıldız, L., Zırhlıoğlu, G., Yalçınkaya, M., & Güven, Ş. (2011). Creativity and problem solving skills of physical education teacher candidates. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Education Faculty, 8, 18-36.
  • Yılmaz Öztürk, Z., & Summak, M. (2015). Investigation of primary school teachers’ individual innovativeness. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 2, 844-853.
  • Yılmaz, R., & Beşkaya, Y. M. (2018). Investigation of lifelong learning trends and individual innovativeness level of education administrators. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 51(1), 159-181.
  • Young, J. G. (1985). What is creativity?. The Journal Of Creative Behavior, 19(2), 77-87.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

İshak Kozikoğlu 0000-0003-3772-4179

Bedirhan Ahmet Küçük This is me

Publication Date January 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Kozikoğlu, İ., & Küçük, B. A. (2020). The Investigation of the Relationship between Teachers’ Creative Thinking Tendencies and Individual Innovativeness Characteristics. Journal of Education and Future(17), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.437852
AMA Kozikoğlu İ, Küçük BA. The Investigation of the Relationship between Teachers’ Creative Thinking Tendencies and Individual Innovativeness Characteristics. JEF. January 2020;(17):25-37. doi:10.30786/jef.437852
Chicago Kozikoğlu, İshak, and Bedirhan Ahmet Küçük. “The Investigation of the Relationship Between Teachers’ Creative Thinking Tendencies and Individual Innovativeness Characteristics”. Journal of Education and Future, no. 17 (January 2020): 25-37. https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.437852.
EndNote Kozikoğlu İ, Küçük BA (January 1, 2020) The Investigation of the Relationship between Teachers’ Creative Thinking Tendencies and Individual Innovativeness Characteristics. Journal of Education and Future 17 25–37.
IEEE İ. Kozikoğlu and B. A. Küçük, “The Investigation of the Relationship between Teachers’ Creative Thinking Tendencies and Individual Innovativeness Characteristics”, JEF, no. 17, pp. 25–37, January 2020, doi: 10.30786/jef.437852.
ISNAD Kozikoğlu, İshak - Küçük, Bedirhan Ahmet. “The Investigation of the Relationship Between Teachers’ Creative Thinking Tendencies and Individual Innovativeness Characteristics”. Journal of Education and Future 17 (January 2020), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.437852.
JAMA Kozikoğlu İ, Küçük BA. The Investigation of the Relationship between Teachers’ Creative Thinking Tendencies and Individual Innovativeness Characteristics. JEF. 2020;:25–37.
MLA Kozikoğlu, İshak and Bedirhan Ahmet Küçük. “The Investigation of the Relationship Between Teachers’ Creative Thinking Tendencies and Individual Innovativeness Characteristics”. Journal of Education and Future, no. 17, 2020, pp. 25-37, doi:10.30786/jef.437852.
Vancouver Kozikoğlu İ, Küçük BA. The Investigation of the Relationship between Teachers’ Creative Thinking Tendencies and Individual Innovativeness Characteristics. JEF. 2020(17):25-37.

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