Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

THE DETERMINING FACTORS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN TURKEY

Year 2020, , 223 - 235, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2020.1290

Abstract

Purpose- The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of GDP per capita, unemployment rate, cost of living index, gini coefficient, median age, urbanization rate, total length of railways and roads, number of road motor vehicles, number of mobile phone subscribers, number of broadband internet subscribers, literacy rate and mean years of schooling on financial inclusion in Turkey..
Methodology- The models were estimated using the Johansen Cointegration method, and the causality relationships between the variables were tested with the Granger and Toda-Yamamoto approaches.
Findings- The Johansen approach findings reveal a significantly positive long–run co–movement between financial inclusion and GDP per capita, urbanization and a significantly negative long–run co–movement between unemployment, cost of living and financial inclusion. However, according to the results of the Granger method, there has been no causality relationship between the variables. The results of the Toda–Yamamoto causality test are consistent with the results of the Granger causality test, except fort the urbanization variable which has been found to have a short term casual effect on financial inclusion in the Toda–Yamamoto test.
Conclusion- The significant relationship between the level of financial inclusion and the rate of urbanization in the short and long run reveals that the increase in the level of urbanization causes individuals to access financial institutions more easly and be able to use more financial products in Turkey.

References

  • Abel, S., Mutandwa, L., & Le Roux, P. (2018). A review of determinants of financial inclusion. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(3): 1-8.
  • Alhassan, A., Li, L., Reddy, K., & DuppatI, G. (2019). The relationship between political instability and financial inclusion: Evidence from Middle East and North Africa. International Journal of Finance and Economics, Early Access.
  • Anwar, A. I., & Amrullah, A. (2017). Impact of financial inclusion towards poverty in Indonesia. Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference On Accounting, Management, and Economics (40): 407-410.
  • Bayero, M. A. (2015). Effects of cashless economy policy on financial inclusion in Nigeria: An exploratory study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172: 49-56.
  • Bittencourt, M. (2012). Financial development and economic growth in Latin America: Is Schumpeter right? Journal of Policy Modeling, 34(3): 341-355.
  • Bosworth, B., Bryant, R., & Burtless, G. (2004). The impact of aging on financıal markets and the economy: A Survey. Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
  • Bozkurt, I., Karakuş, R., & Yıldız, M. (2018). Spatial determinants of financial inclusion over time. Journal of International Development, 30: 1474-1504.
  • Cámara, N., & Tuesta, D. (2014), Measuring financial inclusion: A muldimensional index. BBVA Research Paper 14/26.
  • Chakravarty, S. R., & Pal, R. (2013). Financial inclusion in India: An axiomatic approach. Journal of Policy Modeling, 35(5): 813-837.
  • Chatterjee, A. (2020). Financial inclusion, information and communication technology diffusion, and economic growth: A panel data analysis. Information Technology for Development, Early Access.
  • Chu L. (2019). Determinants of financial inclusions: Comparing high, middle, and low–income countries. Economics Bulletin, 39(2): 1449-1457.
  • Clarke, G., Xu, L. U. & Zou, H. F. (2006). Finance and income inequality: What does the data tell us? Southern Economic Journal, 72(3): 578-596.
  • Cull R., Tilman, E., & Holle, N. (2014). Financial inclusion and development: Recent impact evidence. CGAP Focus Note, 92. Retrieved from https://www.Cgap.Org/Sites/Default/Files/Focusnote-Financial-Inclusion-And-Development-April-2014.Pdf.
  • De Koker, L. & Jentzsch, N. (2013). Financial inclusion and financial integrity: Aligned incentives? World Development, 44: 267- 280.
  • Demirgüç–Kunt, A., Klapper, l., Singer, D. & Van Oudheusden, P. (2015). Measuring financial inclusion around the world. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7255. Retrieved from http://Documents.Worldbank.Org/Curated/En/187761468179367706/The-Global-Findex-Database-2014-Measuring-Financial-Inclusion-Around-The-World.
  • Demirgüç–Kunt, A., Beck, T., & Honohan, P. (2008), Finance for all? Policies and pitfalls in expanding access, World Bank, Washington DC.
  • Dev, S. M. (2006). Financial inclusion: Issues and challenges. Economic and Political Weekly, 41: 4310-4313.
  • Dickey, D. & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49: 1057-1072.
  • Dittus, P., & Klein, M. U. (2011). On harnessing the potential of financial ınclusion. BIS Working Paper No. 347. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/work347.pdf
  • Duncombe, R., & Boateng, R. (2009). Mobile phones and financial services in developing countries: A review of concepts, methods, issues, evidence and future research directions. Third World Quarterly, 30(7): 1237-1258.
  • European Commission (2008). Financial services provision and prevention of financial exclusion. Retrieved from https://www.Fi-Compass.Eu/Publication/Other-Resources/Financial-Services-Provision-And-Prevention-Financial-Exclusion.
  • Evans, O., & Alenoghena, R. (2017). Financial inclusion and GDP per capita in Africa: A Bayesian VAR model. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(18), pp. 44-57.
  • Fungáčová, Z. & Weill, L. (2015). Understanding Financial Inclusion in China. China Economic Review, 34C: 196-206.
  • Ginevicius, R., Dudzevičiūtė, G., Schieg, M., & Peleckis, K. (2019). The inter–linkages between financial and economic development in the European Union Countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1): 3309-3326.
  • Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion. (2014). Digital financial inclusion and the implications for customers, regulators, supervisors and standard. Retrieved from https://www.Gpfi.Org/Publications/Digital-Financial-Inclusion-And-Implications-Customers-Regulators-Supervisors-And-Standard-Setting.
  • Gupte, R., Venkataramani, B., & Gupta, D. (2012). Computation of financial inclusion index for India. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37: 133-149.
  • Gündüz, M., & Özyildirim, Y. (2019). Türkiye’de Illere Göre Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksinin Ölçülmesi. Bankacılar, 111: 52-70.
  • Huterski, R., Huterska, S. A., Lapińska, J., & Zdunek-Rosa, E. (2020). The problem of savings exclusion and gross savings in the New European Union member states. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 7(3): 2470-2480.
  • Işık, İ. (2011). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de finansal hizmetlere erişim ve finansal eğitim. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası, Ankara.
  • Jeanneney, S. G., & Kpodar, K. (2011). Financial development and poverty reduction: Can there be a benefit without a cost? The Journal of Development Studies, 47(1): 143-163.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3): 231-254.
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration - with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2): 169-210.
  • Jung, S. M., & Cha, H. E. (2020). Financial Development and Income Inequality: Evidence from China. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Early Access.
  • Kempson, E., Atkinson, A., & Odile Pilley, O. (2004). Policy level response to financial exclusion in developed economies: Lessons for developing countries. Report of Personal Finance Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol. Retrieved from http://www.Ggy.Bris.Ac.Uk/Pfrc/Reports/Policy_Response_To_Fin_Exc_EK_0506.Pdf.
  • Kim, D. W., Yu, J. S., & Hassan, M. K. (2018). Financial inclusion and economic growth in OIC Countries. Research in International Business and Finance, 43: 1-14.
  • Kim J. H. (2016), A study on the effect of financial inclusion on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(2): 1-15.
  • Leyshon, A., & Nigel Thrif, N. (1995). Geographies of financial exclusion: financial abandonment in Britain and The United States. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20(3): 312-341.
  • Maddala, G. S., & Kim, I. M. (1999). Unit roots, cointegration, and structural change (themes in modern econometrics), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge–UK.
  • Musabegovic, I., Özer, M., Duković, S., & Jovanović, S. (2019). Influence of financial technology (FINTECH) on financial industry. Economics of Agriculture, 66(4): 1003-1021.
  • Nanda K. (2017). Bank led financial inclusion and socio economic development: The case of Indian States. Pacific Business Review International, 10(4): 39-49.
  • Özşuca, E. A. (2019). Gender gap in financial inclusion: Evidence from MENA. Economics and Bussiness Letters, 8(4): 199-208.
  • Pal, R., & Vaidya, R. (2011). Outreach of banking services across Indian States: 1981–2007 converging or diverging? In DM Nachane (Ed.). India Development Report, pp. 116-129.
  • Patwardhan, A., Singleton, K., & Schmitz, K. (2018). Financial inclusion in the digital age. International Finance Corporation - Creditease - Stanford Graduate School of Business.
  • Phillips, Peter C. B. & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrica, 75(2): 335-346.
  • Prime Ministry of Turkey. (2014). Financial access, financial education, financial consumer protection strategy and action plans. Official Gazette of Turkey No. 29021.
  • Raza, M., Tang, J., Rubab, S. & Wen, X. (2019). Determining the nexus between financial inclusion and economic development in Pakistan. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 22(2): 195-209.
  • Saifullahi, S. I., Özdeşer, H., & Çavuşoğlu, B. (2019). Financial Inclusion as A Pathway to Welfare Enhancement and Income Equality: Micro–Level Evidence from Nigeria. Development South Africa, 36(3): 390-407.
  • Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2011). Financial inclusion and development. Journal of International Development, 23(5): 613-628.
  • Sarma, M. (2008). Index of financial inclusion. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. New Delhi Working Papers 215.
  • Sethi, D., & Acharya, D. (2018). Financial inclusion and economic growth linkage: Some cross country evidence. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 10(3): 369-385.
  • Sethi, D., & Sethy, S. K. (2018). Financial inclusion matters for economic growth in India. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(1): 132-151.
  • Sha’bana, M., Girardone, C., & Sarkisyan, A. (2020). Cross-country variation in financial inclusion: A global perspective. The European Journal of Finance, 26(4-5): 319-340.
  • Shailesh, R., & Ragabiruntha, E. (2018). Financial inclusion and socioeconomic development: Gaps and solution. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(7): 1122-1140.
  • Susilowati, E. & Leonnard, L. (2019). Factors influence financial inclusion: Evidence from Indonesian micro data. Etikonomi, 18(1): 121-132.
  • Szopinski, T. (2019). Who is unbanked? Evidence from Poland. Contemporary Economcis, 13(4): 417-426.
  • Thong, N. T., Ankamah-Yeboah, I., Bronnmann, J., Nielsen, M., Roth, E., & Birgit Schulze-Ehlers, B. (2020). Price transmission in the pangasius value chain from Vietnam to Germany. Aquaculture Reports, 16:1-7.
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2): 225-250.
  • World Bank. (2018). New report analyses China’s impressive trajectory toward universal financial inclusion. Retrieved from https://Openknowledge.Worldbank.Org/Handle/10986/29336.
  • World Bank. (2013). Global financial development report: Financial inclusion. World Bank Publications. Retrieved from http://Documents.Worldbank.Org/Curated/En/225251468330270218/Global-Financial-Development-Report-2014-Financial-Inclusion.
  • Van, L. T. H., Vo, A. T., Nguyen, N. T., & Vo, D. H. (2019). Financial inclusion and economic growth: An international evidence. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Early Acess.
  • Van Der Werff, A. Hogarth, J. M., & Nathanael D. Peach, N. D. (2013). A cross-country analysis of financial inclusion within the OECD. Consumer Interests Annual, 59: 1-12.
  • Yorulmaz R. (2013). Construction of A Regional Financial Inclusion Index in Turkey. BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 7(1): 79-101.
  • Zhang Q., & Posso, A. (2019). Thinking Inside the Box: A Closer Look at Financial Inclusion and Household Income. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(7): 1616-1631.
  • Zhu, B. S. & He, J. (2018). Is The Development of China's Financial Inclusion Sustainable? Evidence from A Perspective of Balance. Sustainability, 10(4): pp.1-16
Year 2020, , 223 - 235, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2020.1290

Abstract

References

  • Abel, S., Mutandwa, L., & Le Roux, P. (2018). A review of determinants of financial inclusion. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(3): 1-8.
  • Alhassan, A., Li, L., Reddy, K., & DuppatI, G. (2019). The relationship between political instability and financial inclusion: Evidence from Middle East and North Africa. International Journal of Finance and Economics, Early Access.
  • Anwar, A. I., & Amrullah, A. (2017). Impact of financial inclusion towards poverty in Indonesia. Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference On Accounting, Management, and Economics (40): 407-410.
  • Bayero, M. A. (2015). Effects of cashless economy policy on financial inclusion in Nigeria: An exploratory study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172: 49-56.
  • Bittencourt, M. (2012). Financial development and economic growth in Latin America: Is Schumpeter right? Journal of Policy Modeling, 34(3): 341-355.
  • Bosworth, B., Bryant, R., & Burtless, G. (2004). The impact of aging on financıal markets and the economy: A Survey. Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
  • Bozkurt, I., Karakuş, R., & Yıldız, M. (2018). Spatial determinants of financial inclusion over time. Journal of International Development, 30: 1474-1504.
  • Cámara, N., & Tuesta, D. (2014), Measuring financial inclusion: A muldimensional index. BBVA Research Paper 14/26.
  • Chakravarty, S. R., & Pal, R. (2013). Financial inclusion in India: An axiomatic approach. Journal of Policy Modeling, 35(5): 813-837.
  • Chatterjee, A. (2020). Financial inclusion, information and communication technology diffusion, and economic growth: A panel data analysis. Information Technology for Development, Early Access.
  • Chu L. (2019). Determinants of financial inclusions: Comparing high, middle, and low–income countries. Economics Bulletin, 39(2): 1449-1457.
  • Clarke, G., Xu, L. U. & Zou, H. F. (2006). Finance and income inequality: What does the data tell us? Southern Economic Journal, 72(3): 578-596.
  • Cull R., Tilman, E., & Holle, N. (2014). Financial inclusion and development: Recent impact evidence. CGAP Focus Note, 92. Retrieved from https://www.Cgap.Org/Sites/Default/Files/Focusnote-Financial-Inclusion-And-Development-April-2014.Pdf.
  • De Koker, L. & Jentzsch, N. (2013). Financial inclusion and financial integrity: Aligned incentives? World Development, 44: 267- 280.
  • Demirgüç–Kunt, A., Klapper, l., Singer, D. & Van Oudheusden, P. (2015). Measuring financial inclusion around the world. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7255. Retrieved from http://Documents.Worldbank.Org/Curated/En/187761468179367706/The-Global-Findex-Database-2014-Measuring-Financial-Inclusion-Around-The-World.
  • Demirgüç–Kunt, A., Beck, T., & Honohan, P. (2008), Finance for all? Policies and pitfalls in expanding access, World Bank, Washington DC.
  • Dev, S. M. (2006). Financial inclusion: Issues and challenges. Economic and Political Weekly, 41: 4310-4313.
  • Dickey, D. & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49: 1057-1072.
  • Dittus, P., & Klein, M. U. (2011). On harnessing the potential of financial ınclusion. BIS Working Paper No. 347. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/work347.pdf
  • Duncombe, R., & Boateng, R. (2009). Mobile phones and financial services in developing countries: A review of concepts, methods, issues, evidence and future research directions. Third World Quarterly, 30(7): 1237-1258.
  • European Commission (2008). Financial services provision and prevention of financial exclusion. Retrieved from https://www.Fi-Compass.Eu/Publication/Other-Resources/Financial-Services-Provision-And-Prevention-Financial-Exclusion.
  • Evans, O., & Alenoghena, R. (2017). Financial inclusion and GDP per capita in Africa: A Bayesian VAR model. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(18), pp. 44-57.
  • Fungáčová, Z. & Weill, L. (2015). Understanding Financial Inclusion in China. China Economic Review, 34C: 196-206.
  • Ginevicius, R., Dudzevičiūtė, G., Schieg, M., & Peleckis, K. (2019). The inter–linkages between financial and economic development in the European Union Countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1): 3309-3326.
  • Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion. (2014). Digital financial inclusion and the implications for customers, regulators, supervisors and standard. Retrieved from https://www.Gpfi.Org/Publications/Digital-Financial-Inclusion-And-Implications-Customers-Regulators-Supervisors-And-Standard-Setting.
  • Gupte, R., Venkataramani, B., & Gupta, D. (2012). Computation of financial inclusion index for India. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37: 133-149.
  • Gündüz, M., & Özyildirim, Y. (2019). Türkiye’de Illere Göre Finansal Kapsayıcılık Endeksinin Ölçülmesi. Bankacılar, 111: 52-70.
  • Huterski, R., Huterska, S. A., Lapińska, J., & Zdunek-Rosa, E. (2020). The problem of savings exclusion and gross savings in the New European Union member states. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 7(3): 2470-2480.
  • Işık, İ. (2011). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de finansal hizmetlere erişim ve finansal eğitim. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası, Ankara.
  • Jeanneney, S. G., & Kpodar, K. (2011). Financial development and poverty reduction: Can there be a benefit without a cost? The Journal of Development Studies, 47(1): 143-163.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3): 231-254.
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration - with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2): 169-210.
  • Jung, S. M., & Cha, H. E. (2020). Financial Development and Income Inequality: Evidence from China. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Early Access.
  • Kempson, E., Atkinson, A., & Odile Pilley, O. (2004). Policy level response to financial exclusion in developed economies: Lessons for developing countries. Report of Personal Finance Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol. Retrieved from http://www.Ggy.Bris.Ac.Uk/Pfrc/Reports/Policy_Response_To_Fin_Exc_EK_0506.Pdf.
  • Kim, D. W., Yu, J. S., & Hassan, M. K. (2018). Financial inclusion and economic growth in OIC Countries. Research in International Business and Finance, 43: 1-14.
  • Kim J. H. (2016), A study on the effect of financial inclusion on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(2): 1-15.
  • Leyshon, A., & Nigel Thrif, N. (1995). Geographies of financial exclusion: financial abandonment in Britain and The United States. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20(3): 312-341.
  • Maddala, G. S., & Kim, I. M. (1999). Unit roots, cointegration, and structural change (themes in modern econometrics), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge–UK.
  • Musabegovic, I., Özer, M., Duković, S., & Jovanović, S. (2019). Influence of financial technology (FINTECH) on financial industry. Economics of Agriculture, 66(4): 1003-1021.
  • Nanda K. (2017). Bank led financial inclusion and socio economic development: The case of Indian States. Pacific Business Review International, 10(4): 39-49.
  • Özşuca, E. A. (2019). Gender gap in financial inclusion: Evidence from MENA. Economics and Bussiness Letters, 8(4): 199-208.
  • Pal, R., & Vaidya, R. (2011). Outreach of banking services across Indian States: 1981–2007 converging or diverging? In DM Nachane (Ed.). India Development Report, pp. 116-129.
  • Patwardhan, A., Singleton, K., & Schmitz, K. (2018). Financial inclusion in the digital age. International Finance Corporation - Creditease - Stanford Graduate School of Business.
  • Phillips, Peter C. B. & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrica, 75(2): 335-346.
  • Prime Ministry of Turkey. (2014). Financial access, financial education, financial consumer protection strategy and action plans. Official Gazette of Turkey No. 29021.
  • Raza, M., Tang, J., Rubab, S. & Wen, X. (2019). Determining the nexus between financial inclusion and economic development in Pakistan. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 22(2): 195-209.
  • Saifullahi, S. I., Özdeşer, H., & Çavuşoğlu, B. (2019). Financial Inclusion as A Pathway to Welfare Enhancement and Income Equality: Micro–Level Evidence from Nigeria. Development South Africa, 36(3): 390-407.
  • Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2011). Financial inclusion and development. Journal of International Development, 23(5): 613-628.
  • Sarma, M. (2008). Index of financial inclusion. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. New Delhi Working Papers 215.
  • Sethi, D., & Acharya, D. (2018). Financial inclusion and economic growth linkage: Some cross country evidence. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 10(3): 369-385.
  • Sethi, D., & Sethy, S. K. (2018). Financial inclusion matters for economic growth in India. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(1): 132-151.
  • Sha’bana, M., Girardone, C., & Sarkisyan, A. (2020). Cross-country variation in financial inclusion: A global perspective. The European Journal of Finance, 26(4-5): 319-340.
  • Shailesh, R., & Ragabiruntha, E. (2018). Financial inclusion and socioeconomic development: Gaps and solution. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(7): 1122-1140.
  • Susilowati, E. & Leonnard, L. (2019). Factors influence financial inclusion: Evidence from Indonesian micro data. Etikonomi, 18(1): 121-132.
  • Szopinski, T. (2019). Who is unbanked? Evidence from Poland. Contemporary Economcis, 13(4): 417-426.
  • Thong, N. T., Ankamah-Yeboah, I., Bronnmann, J., Nielsen, M., Roth, E., & Birgit Schulze-Ehlers, B. (2020). Price transmission in the pangasius value chain from Vietnam to Germany. Aquaculture Reports, 16:1-7.
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2): 225-250.
  • World Bank. (2018). New report analyses China’s impressive trajectory toward universal financial inclusion. Retrieved from https://Openknowledge.Worldbank.Org/Handle/10986/29336.
  • World Bank. (2013). Global financial development report: Financial inclusion. World Bank Publications. Retrieved from http://Documents.Worldbank.Org/Curated/En/225251468330270218/Global-Financial-Development-Report-2014-Financial-Inclusion.
  • Van, L. T. H., Vo, A. T., Nguyen, N. T., & Vo, D. H. (2019). Financial inclusion and economic growth: An international evidence. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Early Acess.
  • Van Der Werff, A. Hogarth, J. M., & Nathanael D. Peach, N. D. (2013). A cross-country analysis of financial inclusion within the OECD. Consumer Interests Annual, 59: 1-12.
  • Yorulmaz R. (2013). Construction of A Regional Financial Inclusion Index in Turkey. BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 7(1): 79-101.
  • Zhang Q., & Posso, A. (2019). Thinking Inside the Box: A Closer Look at Financial Inclusion and Household Income. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(7): 1616-1631.
  • Zhu, B. S. & He, J. (2018). Is The Development of China's Financial Inclusion Sustainable? Evidence from A Perspective of Balance. Sustainability, 10(4): pp.1-16
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Finance, Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hasmet Sarıgul This is me 0000-0001-7262-6668

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Sarıgul, H. (2020). THE DETERMINING FACTORS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN TURKEY. Journal of Economics Finance and Accounting, 7(3), 223-235. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2020.1290

Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting (JEFA) is a scientific, academic, double blind peer-reviewed, quarterly and open-access online journal. The journal publishes four issues a year. The issuing months are March, June, September and December. The publication languages of the Journal are English and Turkish. JEFA aims to provide a research source for all practitioners, policy makers, professionals and researchers working in the area of economics, finance, accounting and auditing. The editor in chief of JEFA invites all manuscripts that cover theoretical and/or applied researches on topics related to the interest areas of the Journal. JEFA publishes academic research studies only. JEFA charges no submission or publication fee.

Ethics Policy - JEFA applies the standards of Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). JEFA is committed to the academic community ensuring ethics and quality of manuscripts in publications. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden and the manuscripts found to be plagiarized will not be accepted or if published will be removed from the publication. Authors must certify that their manuscripts are their original work. Plagiarism, duplicate, data fabrication and redundant publications are forbidden. The manuscripts are subject to plagiarism check by iThenticate or similar. All manuscript submissions must provide a similarity report (up to 15% excluding quotes, bibliography, abstract and method).

Open Access - All research articles published in PressAcademia Journals are fully open access; immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Open access is a property of individual works, not necessarily journals or publishers. Community standards, rather than copyright law, will continue to provide the mechanism for enforcement of proper attribution and responsible use of the published work, as they do now.