Büyümenin Güçlü Lokomotifi: Tutku. Girişimcilik Tutkusunun İşletme Büyümesinde Politik Becerinin Rolü

Abstract

Öz Amaç: Girişimlerin kurulması girişimciler için kritik öneme sahip olmakla birlikte, bu girişimlerin büyütülmesi de önemli ve karmaşık bir süreçtir. Tam da bu noktada, girişimcinin büyümeye karar vermesinde baskın bir unsur olan tutku kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. Politik beceriye sahip bireyler, duruma uygun stratejiler ve davranışlar sergileyerek başkalarını etkileyebilir ve sosyal çevrelerinde kendilerini etkili bir şekilde tanıtabilirler. Bu sayede, fon ve destek bulma konusunda zorluk yaşamazlar, işletmelerine nitelikli yatırımcıları çekerek büyümeye katkı sağlarlar ve mevcut yetenekleriyle işletmelerinin önündeki büyüme engellerini ortadan kaldırabilirler. Metodoloji: Araştırma kapsamında, Erzurum’da ki girişimciler üzerinde anket yoluyla veriler toplanmıştır. 403 girişimciden toplanan veriler, korelasyon ve yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (YEM) analizi ile test edilmiştir. Bulgular: Araştırma sonucunda, girişimcilik tutkusunun, girişimcinin büyüme niyeti üzerinde olumlu etki oluşturduğu ve bu etkide girişimcinin politik becerisinin aracı etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışmaya göre; girişimcinin zorluklara karşı dayanıklılık göstermesini sağlayan tutkunun, işletme büyüme niyeti üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çevresel belirsizliklerle başa çıkmada, başkalarını etkileme ve işletmelerinin büyümesi engelleyen faktörleri ortadan kaldırmada yetenekli olan politik becerili girişimcilerin, tutkularını büyüme niyetine dönüştürmede daha etkili oldukları görülmüştür. Özgünlük: Yapılan literatür taramasında araştırma modelindeki değişkenlerin bir arada incelendiği başka bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında yöneticilere, yatırımcılara, eğitim ve kamu kurumları ile gelecek araştırmacılara yönelik pek çok öneri getirilmiş olup araştırmanın yazına katkısının önemli olduğu açıktır. Çalışmayla ulusal bazda büyük olan bu sorun ele alınmış olup çözümüne yönelik kapsamlı bir analiz yapılmıştır.

Keywords

• Girişimcilik Tutkusu
• Politik Beceri
• Girişimcilik Büyüme Niyeti

The Powerful Locomotive of Growth: Passion. The Role of Entrepreneurial Passion and Political Skill in Business Growth

Abstract

Purpose: While the establishment of enterprises is of critical importance for entrepreneurs, the subsequent growth of these enterprises is also an important and complex process. At this point, the concept of passion, a dominant factor in the entrepreneur's decision to grow, has emerged. Individuals with political skills, are able to influence others and promote themselves effectively in their social environment by displaying strategies and behaviors appropriate to the situation. In this way, they do not have difficulty in finding funding and support, they contribute to growth by attracting qualified investors to their businesses, and they can eliminate growth barriers to their businesses with their existing skills. Methodology: Within the scope of the research, data were collected through a survey of entrepreneurs in Erzurum. Data collected from 403 entrepreneurs were tested by correlation and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. Findings: As a result of the research, it was found that entrepreneurial passion has a positive effect on the entrepreneur's growth intention, and the entrepreneur's political skill has a mediating role in this effect. According to this study, it was determined that passion, which enables the entrepreneur to exhibit perseverance in the face of challenges, has a positive effect on entrepreneurial growth intention. Politically skillful entrepreneurs who are skillful in dealing with environmental uncertainties, influencing others, and eliminating the factors that prevent the growth of their businesses are more effective in transforming their passion into growth intention. Originality: In the literature review, no other study was encountered in which the variables in the research model were analyzed together. In the direction of the findings, many suggestions have been made for managers, investors, educational and public institutions, and future researchers, and it is evident that the contribution of the research to the literature is significant. In the present study, this problem, which is a major national problem, has been addressed and a comprehensive analysis has been made regarding its solution.

Keywords

• Entrepreneurial Passion
• Political Skill
• Entrepreneurial Growth Intention.

References

1. Akinboye, A. K. (2020). Entrepreneurial Growth Intention: The Role of Effectual Logic. New Zealand: University of Canterbury.
2. Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). “The Entrepreneurship of Resource-Based Theory”. Journal of management, 27(6), 755-775.
3. Anjum, T., Heidler, P., Amoozegar, A., & Anees, R. T. (2021). “The Impact of Entrepreneurial Passion on The Entrepreneurial Intention; Moderating Impact of Perception of University Support”. Administrative Sciences, 11(2), 45.
4. Baron, R. A., & Tang, J. (2009). “Entrepreneurs' Social Skills and New Venture Performance: Mediating Mechanisms and Cultural Generality”. Journal of management, 35(2), 282-306.
5. Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. (2004). “The Relationship of Entrepreneurial Traits, Skill, and Motivation to Subsequent Venture Growth”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587-598.
6. Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. E. N. G. (2001). “A Multidimensional Model of Venture Growth”. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 292-303.
7. Biraglia, A., & Kadile, V. (2017). “The Role of Entrepreneurial Passion and Creativity in Developing Entrepreneurial Intentions: Insights from American Homebrewers”. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(1), 170-188.
8. Bozkurt, Ö. Ç., Kalkan, A., Koyuncu, O., & Alparslan, A. M. (2012). “Türkiye’de Girişimciliğin Gelişimi: Girişimciler Üzerinde Nitel Bir Araştırma”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1), 229-247.

9. Breugst, N., Domurath, A., Patzelt, H., & Klaukien, A. (2012). “Perceptions of Entrepreneurial Passion and Employees’ Commitment to Entrepreneurial Ventures”. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 36(1), 171-192.
10. Cardon, M. S., & Kirk, C. P. (2013).” Entrepreneurial Passion As Mediator of The Self-Efficacy To Persistence Relationship”. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 39(5), 1027-1050.
11. Cardon, M. S., Glauser, M., & Murnieks, C. Y. (2017). “Passion For What? Expanding the Domains of Entrepreneurial Passion”. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 8, 24-32.
12. Cardon, M. S., Gregoire, D. A., Stevens, C. E., & Patel, P. C. (2013). “Measuring Entrepreneurial Passion: Conceptual Foundations and Scale Validation”. Journal of business venturing, 28(3), 373-396.
13. Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovšek, M. (2009). “The Nature and Experience of Entrepreneurial Passion”. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 511-532.
14. Chen, C., Zhang, J., Tian, H., & Bu, X. (2022). “The Impact of Entrepreneurial Passion on Entrepreneurial Success and Psychological Well-Being: A Person-Centered Investigation”. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research., 28, 1355-2554.
15. Cortes, A. F., & Herrmann, P. (2021). “Strategic Leadership of Innovation: A Framework For Future Research”. International Journal of Management Reviews, 23(2), 224-243.
16. Costin, Y. (2012). “In Pursuit of Growth: An Insight into The Experience of Female Entrepreneurs”. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 108-127.
17. Davidsson, P. (1991). “Continued Entrepreneurship: Ability, Need, and Opportunity as Determinants of Small Firm Growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(6), 405-429.
18. Dhakal, P., Wiesner, R., & Maraseni, T. (2022). “When Entrepreneurial Leadership Identity and Passion Meet Venture Growth Intention”. Sustainability, 14(20), 13129.
19. Doern, R., & Goss, D. (2014). “The Role of Negative Emotions in The Social Processes of Entrepreneurship: Power Rituals and Shame–Related Appeasement Behaviors”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(4), 863-890.
20. Douglas, E. J. (2013). “Reconstructing Entrepreneurial Intentions to Identify Predisposition for Growth”. Journal of business venturing, 28(5), 633-651.
21. Drnovsek, M., Cardon, M. S., & Patel, P. C. (2016). “Direct and Indirect Effects of Passion on Growing Technology Ventures”. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 10(2), 194-213.
22. Dutta, D. K., & Thornhill, S. (2014). “How do Entrepreneurial Growth Intentions Evolve? A Sensemaking-Sensegiving Perspective”. Journal of Small Business Strategy (archive only), 24(1), 61-76.
23. Elçi, H. (2013). Golden Rules of Entrepreneurship Expert Suggestions for Türkiye. İstanbul: Optimist Publications. Ferris, G. R, Davidson, S. L., Perrewe, P. L. ve Atay, S. (2010). İş Yaşamında Politik Yeti: İş Verimliliğine Etkisi (2.bsk). İstanbul: Namar Yayınları.
24. Ferris, G.R., Treadway, D.C. and Kolodinsky, R.W. (2005). “Development and Validation of The Political Skill Inventory”. Journal of Management, 31, 126-152.
25. Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Perrewé, P. L., Brouer, R. L., Douglas, C., & Lux, S. (2007). “Political Skill in Organizations”. Journal of management, 33(3), 290-320.
26. Frijda, N.H., Mesquita, B., Sonnemans, J. & Van Goozen, S. (1991). “The Duration of Affective Phenomena, or Emotions, Sentiments, and Passions. In: K.T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion, (1), 187-225.
27. Gielnik, M. M., Uy, M. A., Funken, R., & Bischoff, K. M. (2017). “Boosting and Sustaining Passion: A Long-Term Perspective on The Effects of Entrepreneurship Training”. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(3), 334–353.
28. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2004). “Women and entrepreneurship”, Report on women and entrepreneurship, Technical Report, available at: www.gemconsortium.org (accessed January 2004).
29. Grosser, T. J., Obstfeld, D., Choi, E. W., Woehler, M., Lopez-Kidwell, V., Labianca, G., & Borgatti, S. P. (2018). “A Sociopolitical Perspective on Employee Innovativeness and Job Performance: The Role of Political Skill and Network Structure”. Organization Science, 29(4), 612-632.
30. Gülbahar, Y. (2019). The effect of entrepreneurial passion on innovative behaviors and fear of failure: The mediating role of grit (Published Doctoral Thesis). Aksaray: Aksaray University.
31. Hallen, B. L., Davis, J. P., & Murray, A. (2020). “Entrepreneurial Network Evolution: Explicating the Structural Localism and Agentic Network Change Distinction”. Academy of Management Annals, 14(2), 1067-1102.
32. Heupel, K., Fonseca, J. A., Rutherford, M., & Edwards, B. (2024). “Feeding the Hype Cycle: Entrepreneurial Swagger, Passion, and Inflated Expectations”. Journal of Business Venturing, 39(6), 106-432.
33. Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). “Toward Terminological, Conceptual and Statistical Clarity in the Study of Mediators and Moderators: Examples from the Child-clinical and Pediatric Psychology Literatures”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(4), 599- 610.
34. Hsu, D. K., Wiklund, J., & Cotton, R. D. (2017). “Success, Failure, and Entrepreneurial Re-Entry: An Experimental Assessment of The Veracity of Self-Efficacy and Prospect Theory”. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 41(1), 19-47.
35. Kozan, M., Oksoy, D., & Ozsoy, O. (2006). “Growth Plans of Small Business in Turkey: Individual and Environmental İnfluences”. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(1), 114–129.
36. Levie, J., & Autio, E. (2013). “Growth and Growth Intentions”. White paper, 1, 159-83.
37. Luu, N., & Nguyen, H. (2021). “Entrepreneurial Passion and A Firm’s Innovation Strategies”. Journal of Small Business Management, 59(4), 794-818.
38. Ma, C., Gu, J., & Liu, H. (2017). “Entrepreneurs’ Passion and New Venture Performance in China”. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13, 1043-1068.
39. Marvel, M. R., Wolfe, M. T., & Kuratko, D. F. (2020). “Escaping the Knowledge Corridor: How Founder Human Capital and Founder Coachability Impacts Product Innovation in New Ventures”. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(6), 106-160.
40. McAllister, C. P., Ellen III, B. P., & Ferris, G. R. (2018). Social influence opportunity recognition, evaluation, and capitalization: Increased theoretical specification through political skill’s dimensional dynamics. Journal of Management, 44(5), 1926-1952.
41. Murnieks, C. Y., Cardon, M. S., & Haynie, J. M. (2018). “Fueling the Fire: Examining Identity Centrality, Affective Interpersonal Commitment and Gender as Drivers of Entrepreneurial Passion”. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(1), 1-17.
42. Murnieks, C. Y., Mosakowski, E., & Cardon, M. S. (2014). “Pathways of Passion: Identity Centrality, Passion, and Behavior Among Entrepreneurs”. Journal of Management, 40(6), 1583-1606.
43. Neneh, B. N., & Vanzyl, J. (2014). “Growth Intention and Its Impact on Business Growth Amongst SMEs in South Africa”. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20), 172-183.
44. Nikolaou, I., Gouras, A., Vakola, M., & Bourantas, D. (2007). “Selecting Change Agents: Exploring Traits and Skills in A Simulated Environment”. Journal of Change Management, 7(3-4), 291-313.
45. Okumuş, M. T., & Bakan, İ. (2023). “The Relationship of Job Satisfaction and Customer Satisfaction with Individual Factors (Entrepreneurship, Self-Leadership, Personality) in the Spiral of Firm Performance in Business for Tradesmen and Craftsmen: A Field Research in Kahramanmaraş”. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences 25(2), 610-636.
46. Ostgaard, T. A., & Birley, S. (1996). “New Venture Growth and Personal Networks”. Journal of business research, 36(1), 37-50.
47. Padilla-Meléndez, A., Fernández-Gámez, M. A., & Molina-Gómez, J. (2014). “Feeling the Risks: Effects of The Development of Emotional Competences with Outdoor Training on The Entrepreneurial Intent of University Students”. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10, 861-884.
48. Podoynitsyna, K., Van der Bij, H., & Song, M. (2012). “The Role of Mixed Emotions in the Risk Perception of Novice and Serial Entrepreneurs”. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 36(1), 115-140.
49. Puente, R., Cervilla, M. A., González, C. G., & Auletta, N. (2017). “Determinants of The Growth Aspiration: A Quantitative Study of Venezuelan Entrepreneurs”. Small Business Economics, 48, 699-726.
50. Riar, F. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., Debicki, B. J., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2023). “Meta-analytic Review, Synthesis, and Directions for The Future of Entrepreneurial Passion Research”. European Management Journal, 43, 2-58.
51. Rujirawanich, P., Addison, R. and Smallman, C. (2011). “The Effects of Cultural Factors on Innovation in a Thai SME”. Management Research Review, 34(12), 1264-1279.
52. Santos, S. C., & Cardon, M. S. (2019). “What’s Love Got to Do with It? Team Entrepreneurial Passion and Performance in New Venture Teams”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(3), 475-504.
53. Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2018). Entrepreneurial cognition: Exploring the mindset of entrepreneurs. Springer Nature.
54. Stroe, S., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2018). “Effectuation or Causation: An Fsqca Analysis of Entrepreneurial Passion, Risk Perception, and Self-Efficacy”. Journal of Business Research, 89, 265-272.
55. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (Sixth Edition). London: Pearson Publishing. Terjesen, S., & Szerb, L. (2008). “Dice Thrown from The Beginning? An Empirical Investigation of Determinants of Firm Level Growth Expectations”. Estudios De Economía, 35(2), 153-178.
56. Timmons, J.A. (2000). New Venture creation: Entrepreneurship 2000 (5th ed.) Homewood, IL: Irwin.
57. Tocher, N., Oswald, S. L., Shook, C. L., & Adams, G. (2012). “Entrepreneur Political Skill and New Venture Performance: Extending the Social Competence Perspective”. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(5-6), 283-305.
58. Vallerand, R. J. (2010). “On passion for Life Activities: The Dualistic Model of Passion. In: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology”. Academic Press, 42, 97-193.
59. Vallerand, R. J. (2015). The Psychology of Passion: A Dualistic Model. Series in Positive Psychology. England: Oxford University Press.
60. Vallerand, R. J., Houlfort, N., & Fores, J. (2003). “Passion at Work. Emerging Perspectives on Values in Organizations, 175-204.
61. Welsch, H., Price, D. P., & Stoica, M. (2013).”Innovation, Performance and Growth Intentions in SMEs”. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 3(5), 176.
62. WFPMA (2023). Creating People Advantage 2023, (https://www.peryon.org.tr/upload/files/CPA_2023_country%20results_Turkey.pdf).
63. Whittle, T. E. (2021). Entrepreneurial Finance: From Accelerators to IPOS. England: Stanford University Press.
64. Winand, M., Bell, E., & Zeimers, G. (2023). “It's not just a Job, it's a Passion: Passions and Motivations of Sport Entrepreneurs”. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 13(3), 269-288.
65. Yaman, T. T., & Batı, G. B. (2020). “How Growth Intention Relate with Political Skill for Female Entrepreneurs in Turkey? An Implementation of Moderator Analysis”. Small Firm Internationalisation and International Entrepreneurship, 35-42.
66. Yitshaki, R., & Kropp, F. (2016). “Motivations and Opportunity Recognition of Social Entrepreneurs”. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(2), 546-565.
67. Young, D. R., & Kim, C. (2015). “Can Social Enterprises Remain Sustainable and Mission-Focused? Applying Resiliency Theory”. Social enterprise journal, 11(3), 233-259.
68. Zhang, X., Zhou, X., Wang, Q., Wu, Z., & Sui, Y. (2023). “Political Skills Matter: The Role of Academic Entrepreneurs in Team Innovation”. European Journal of Innovation Management, 1-28.
69. Zhang, X., Zhou, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, H., & Ju, W. (2022). “Networks Open the Door to The Success of Technological Entrepreneurship: A Perspective on Political Skills”. Kybernetes, 51(12), 3487-3507.
70. Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). “The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Entrepreneurial Status: A Meta-Analytical Review”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 259-271.
71. Zuckerberg, M. (2024). 286 Adet İlham Veren Girişimci Sözleri (Akt: Durmuş Bayram) https://www.yeniisfikirleri.net/girisimcilik-sozleri/.