Turkish-German Economic Relations via Foreign Direct Investment and Patents

Abstract

This working paper aims to identify Turkish-German economic relationship of foreign direct investment and patents in line with the Turkish-German collaboration project TGIN . Econometric methods such as correlation, regression and Granger causality to analyze the effect of German FDI inflow to Turkey on total foreign-based patent applications for the period from 1999 to 2011 have been used. The results justify the relationship between patents and FDI. The reciprocity between patent applications and FDI is more remarkable for Turkish-German interaction via flow of FDI and patents. German-based FDI fosters patent applications faster with respect to foreign-based FDI to patent transformation

Keywords

• Turkey and Germany,Foreign Direct Investment,Patents

Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Patentler Aracılığıyla Türk-Alman Ekonomik İlişkileri

Abstract

Bu çalışma raporu Türk-Alman ekonomik ilişkilerinde doğrudan yabancı yatırım ve patentleri Türk-Alman işbirliği projesi TGIN kapsamında tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 1999-2011 döneminde Türkiye’ye gelen Alman doğrudan yatırımlarının Türkiye’nin yabancı patent başvurularına etkisini analiz etmek için korelasyon, regresyon ve Granger nedensellik analizi gibi ekonometrik metotlar kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, patentlerle doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar arasındaki ilişkiyi teyit eder niteliktedir. Patent başvuruları ile yabancı doğrudan yatırımların karşılıklılığı Türk Alman yabancı doğrudan yatırımları ve patentler etkileşiminde daha dikkat çekicidir. Almanya bazlı doğrudan yabancı sermaye patent başvurularını yurtdışı bazlı yabancı sermaye girişlerinin patente dönüşümü anlamında daha fazla desteklemektedir

Keywords

• Türkiye ve Almanya, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım, Patentler

References

1. Aslanoğlu, Erhan (2000), “Spillover Effects of Foreign Direct Investments in Turkish Manufacturing Industry”, Journal of International Development, 12, 1111- 1130.
2. Balkır, Canan (2010), “Turkey’s Road to EU Membership: Economic Outlook”, Köz-Gazdaság Special Issue No. 3, Budapest: University of Corvinus, 1-16.
3. Balkır, Canan (2013) German-Turkish Relations: From Immigration to Innovation Networks? TGIN Working paper No.4 p.1
4. Braga, Carlos A. Primo and Carsten Fink (1999), “The Relationship between Intellectual Property Rights and Foreign Direct Investment”, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 9, 163-181.
5. Branstetter, Lee (2006), “Is foreign direct investment a channel of knowledge spillovers? Evidence from Japan’s FDI in the United States” Journal of International Economics, 68, 325-344.
6. European Commission, Inno-Policy TrendChart-Innovation Policy Progress Report Turkey, 2009.
7. Çeştepe, Hamza and Şevket Tüylüoğlu (2006), “Yabancı Doğrudan Yatırımlar Yoluyla Teknoloji Transferi: İrlanda Örneğinden Tükiye İçin Dersler”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 61(2), 45-62.
8. Damijan, Joze P., Mark Knell, Boris Majcen, and Matija Rojec (2003), “The Role of FDI, R&D Accumulation and Trade in Transferring Technology to Transition Countries: Evidence from Firm Panel Data for Eight Transition Countries”, Economic Systems, 27, 189-204.

9. FDI Annual Reports, Ministry of Economy, Republic of Turkey: http://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/index.cfm?sayfa=EFA4F979-D8D3-8566-45204113F4424A25 (Erişim: 16.01.2013)
10. FDI Statistics, Ministry of Economy, Republic of Turkey: http://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/index.cfm?sayfa=F91901DD-D8D3-8566-4520D35C6C07575F (Erişim: 16.01.2013)
11. Ford, Timothy C. and Jonathan C. Rork (2010), “Why buy what you can get for free? The effect of foreign direct investment on state patent rates”, Journal of Urban Economics, 68(1), 72–81.
12. Garcia, Francisco, Byungchae Jin and Robert Salomon (2012), “Does inward foreign direct investment improve the innovative performance of local firms?”, Research Policy, 42, 231-244.
13. Germany meets Turkey Forum: http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/germanymeetsturkey/index.php?en_forum_the-state-of-relations (Erişim: 27.12.2012)
14. Gloor, Peter, Maria Paasivaara, Detlef Schoder and Paul Willems (2006), “Correlating Performance with Social Network Structure Through Teaching Social Network Analysis”, 7th IFIP Conference on Working Enterprises.
15. Gülcan, Yaprak, Sedef Akgüngör and Yeşim Kuştepeli (2009), “Regional Innovation Systems and Knowledge Generation in Turkish Textile Industry: A Comparison of İstanbul and Denizli Regions”, 4th International Seminar on Innovation, October 15-16, Napier University, Edinburgh.
16. Granger, C.W.J. (1969), “Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods”, Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438.
17. Industry General Directorate, (2010), Türk Makina Sanayi, . (Erişim: 25.01.2013)
18. Lesser, William (2002), “The Effects of Intellectual Property Rights on Foreign Direct Investment and Imports into Developing Countries in the Post-TRIPS Era”, IP Strategy Today, 5, 1-16.
19. Ministry of Customs and Trade and Turkish Statistical Institute: http://www. turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=10782 (Erişim: 01.02.2013)
20. Navaretti, Giorgio Barba and David Tarr (2000) “International Knowledge Flows and Economic Performance: A Review of the Evidence”, The World Bank Economic Review, 14(1), 1-15.
21. Press Release about FDI Statistics, Ministry of Customs and Trade & Turkish Statistical Institute, Republic of Turkey: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=10782 (Erişim: 01.02.2013)
22. Pyka, Andreas (2001), “Innovation Networks in Economics – From the incentive-based to the knowledge-based Approaches”, European Journal of Innovation Management, 5(3), 152-163.
23. Pyka, Andreas and Tobias Buchmann (2011), “Innovation Networks”, Ed. Jackie Krafft and Michael Dietrich, Handbook on the Theory of the Firm, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publisher.
24. Saxenian, Anna Lee (2006), The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
25. Seyoum, Belay (2006), “Patent Protection and Foreign Direct Investment”, Thunderbird International Business Review, 48(3), 389-404.
26. TPI (Turkish Patent Institute) Patent Search Engine: http://online.tpe.gov.tr/EPATENT/servlet/EPreSearchRequestManager (Erişim: 16.01.2013)
27. TPI (Turkish Patent Institute) Patent Statistics Manual: http://online.tpe.gov.tr/ EPATENT/servlet/EPreSearchRequestManager (Erişim: 16.01.2013)
28. TPI (Turkish Patent Institute) Patent Statistics Manual: TÜİK, Turkish Statistical Institute, www.tuik.gov.tr (Erişim: 16.01.2013)