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The Impacts of Accumulation of R&D Capital on Total Factor Productivity: Case of Turkey

Year 2015, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 147 - 166, 01.12.2015

Özlem Fikirli Ahmet Kibar Çetin

Abstract

In this study, the cointegration relationship between R&D capital stock and total factor productivity TFP is analyzed by applying ARDL method in period of 1990-2013 years in Turkey. The relations of TFP with R&D capital stock were separately examined by dividing into its components state, private, and university . The effects of R&D capital stocks on TFP are directly and indirectly examined. In this study, direct effect is preferred. According to findings, none of components of R&D capital stock do not have statistically significant effects on TFP during the period of investigation.

Keywords

TFP R&D Capital R&D

References

  • Adams, J. D. ve Jaffe, A. B. (1996). “Bounding the Effects of R&D: An Investigation Using Matched Establishment – Firm Data”. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series, Working Paper 5544.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1992). “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction”. Econometrica, 60: 323-351.
  • Atella, V. ve Quintieri, B. (2001). “Do R&D Expenditures Really Matter for TFP?”. Applied Economics, 33: 1385-1389.
  • Ballot, G., Fakhfakh, F. ve Taymaz, E. (2001). “Firms’ Human Capital, R&D and Performance: A Study on French and Swedish Firms”. Labour Economics, 8: 443-462.
  • Bitzer, J. ve Stephan, A. (2006). “A Schumpeter-Inspired Approach to the Construction of R&D Capital Stocks”. Applied Economics, 39 (2): 179-189.
  • Brown, R.L., Durbin, J., Evans, J. (1975). “Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationship over time”. Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series (B) 37, 149–163.
  • Cecchini, L. ve Lai-Tong, C. (2008). “The Links Between Openness and Productivity in Mediterranean Countries”. Applied Economics, 40: 685-697.
  • Coe, D. T. ve Helpman, E. (1995). “International R&D Spillovers”. European Economic Review, 39: 859-887.
  • Coelli, T. J. ve Rao, D. S. P. (2005). “Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture: A Malmquist Index Analysis of 93 Countries, 1980–2000”. Agricultural Economics, 32: 115-134.
  • Cohen, W. M. ve Levinthal, D. A. (1989). “Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D”. Economic Journal, 99: 569-596.
  • Comin, D. (2006). “Total Factor Productivity” New York University and NBER. Cuneo, P. ve Mairesse, J. (1984). “Productivity and R&D at the Firm Level in French Manufacturing”. R&D, Patents and Productivity, Chicago University Press.
  • Damijan, J. P., Knell, M., Majcen, B. ve Matija, R. (2003). “The Role of FDI, R&D Accumulation and Trade in Transferring Technology to Transition Countries: Evidence from Firm Panel Data for Eight Transition Countries”. Economic Systems, 27: 189-204.
  • Denison, E. F. (1962). “Sources of Growth in United States and the Alternatives Before U.S.” Supplement Paper 13, New York: Committee for Economic Development.
  • Gong, G. ve Keller, W. (2003). “Convergence and Polarization in Global Income Levels: A Review of Recent Results on the Role of International Technology Diffusion”. Research Policy, 32: 1055-1079.
  • Griliches, Z. (1979). “Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth”. The Bell Journal of Economics, 10: 92-116.
  • Griliches, Z. ve Lichtenberg, F. (1984). “Interindustry Technology Flows and Productivity Growth: A Reexamination”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 66 (2) : 324-329.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991a). “Trade, Knowledge Spillovers and Growth”. European Economic Review, 35: 517-526.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991b). “Innovation and Growth in the World Economy”. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Ha, J. ve Howitt, P. (2007). “Accounting for Trends in Productivity and R&D: A Schumpeterian Critique of Semi-Endogenous Growth Theory”. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 39 (4): 733-774.
  • Hall, B. H. ve Mairesse, J. (1995). “Exploring the Relationship Between R&D and Productivity Growth in French Manufacturing Firms”. Journal of Econometrics, 65: 263-294.
  • Howitt, P. (2004). “Endogenous Growth, Productivity and Economic Policy: A Progress Report”. http://www.csls.ca/ipm/8/howitt-e.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 01.06.2015)
  • Howitt, P. ve Mayer-Foulkes, D. (2002). “R&D, Implementation and Stagnation: A Schumpeterian Theory of Convergence Clubs”. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, Paper No: 9104.
  • Hulten, C. R. (2001). “Total Factor Productivity A Short Biography”. National Bureau of Economic Research, 8: 1-54.
  • Keller, W. (1998). “Are International R&D Spillovers Trade-Related? Analyzing Spillovers Among Randomly Matched Trade Partners”. European Economic Review, 42: 1469-1481.
  • Keller, W. (2001). “International Technology Diffusion”. National Bureau of Economic Research, Paper No: 8573.
  • Keller, W. (2002). “Trade and the Transmission of Technology”. Journal of Economic Growth, 7: 5-24
  • Kendrick, J. W. (1961). “Productivity Trends in the United States”. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kim, T. ve Park, C. (2003). “R&D, Trade and Productivity Growth in Korean Manufacturing”.
  • Kortum, S. S. (1997). “Research, Patenting and Technological Change”. Journal of The Econometric Society, 65: 1389-1419.
  • Los, B. ve Verspagen, B. (2000). “R&D Spillovers and Productivity: Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing Microdata”. Empirical Economics, 25: 127-148.
  • Lucas, R., E. (1988). “On the Mechanisms of Economic Development”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22: 3-42.
  • Lundvall, B. A. (ed.) (1992). National Systems of Innovation: An Analytical Framework, London: Pinter.
  • Madsen, J. B. (2008). “Semi-Endogenous Versus Schumpeterian Growth Models: Testing the Knowledge Production Function Using International Data”. Journal of Economic Growth, 13: 1-26.
  • Meinen, G., Verbiest, P. ve Wolg, P. P. (1998). “Perpetual Inventory Method Service Lives Discard Patterns and Depreciation Methods”. Statistics Netherlands.
  • Pesaran, M. H. ve Shin, Y. (1999). “An Autodistributed Lag Modeling Approach to Cointegration Analysis”. Strom, S. (Ed.). Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289–326.
  • Prescott, E. C. (1998). “Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity”. International Economic Review, 39: 525-551.
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”. Journal of Political Economy, 92: 71-102.
  • Saygılı, Ş., Cihan, C. ve Yurtoğlu, H. (2002). “Türkiye Ekonomisinde SermayeBirikimi, Büyüme ve Verimlilik: 1972-2000”. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Yayın No: 2665.
  • Schankerman, M. (1981). “The Effects of Double-Counting and Expensing on the Measured Returns to R&D”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 454-458.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). “The Theory of Economic Development”. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
  • Solow, R. M. (1957). “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 39: 312-320.
  • Verspagen, B. (1995). “R&D and Productivity: A Broad Cross-Section CrossCountry Look”. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 6: 119-135.
  • Voutsinas, I. ve Tsamadias, C. (2014). “Does Research and Development Capital Affect Total Factor Productivity? Evidence from Greece”. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 23: 631-651.
  • Yeldan, E., Taşçı, K., Voyvoda, E. ve Özsan, M. E. (2012). “Orta Gelir Tuzağı’ndan Çıkış: Hangi Türkiye?” http://turkonfed.org/Files/ContentFile/ogt-1sektorel_analiz. pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2014).
  • Zachariadis, M. (2003). “R&D, Innovation and Technological Progress: A Test of the Schumpeterian Framework without Scale Effects”. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36: 566-586.

Ar-Ge Sermaye Birikiminin Toplam Faktör Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2015, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 147 - 166, 01.12.2015

Özlem Fikirli Ahmet Kibar Çetin

Abstract

Bu çalışmada 1990-2013 yılları arasında Türkiye’de Ar-Ge sermaye birikimi ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği TFV arasındaki eş-bütünleşme ilişkisi ARDL sınır testi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. TFV’nin Ar-Ge sermaye birikimiyle ilişkisi, Ar-Ge sermaye stokunun bileşenlerine ayrılarak tek tek incelenmiştir. Ar-Ge sermaye birikiminin TFV üzerindeki etkisi doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak incelenmekte olup, bu çalışmada “doğrudan Ar-Ge etkisi” tercih edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre inceleme dönemi içinde Ar-Ge sermaye birikimi bileşenlerinden hiçbirinin TFV üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi bulunamamıştır.

Keywords

TFV Ar-Ge Sermayesi Ar-Ge

References

  • Adams, J. D. ve Jaffe, A. B. (1996). “Bounding the Effects of R&D: An Investigation Using Matched Establishment – Firm Data”. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series, Working Paper 5544.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1992). “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction”. Econometrica, 60: 323-351.
  • Atella, V. ve Quintieri, B. (2001). “Do R&D Expenditures Really Matter for TFP?”. Applied Economics, 33: 1385-1389.
  • Ballot, G., Fakhfakh, F. ve Taymaz, E. (2001). “Firms’ Human Capital, R&D and Performance: A Study on French and Swedish Firms”. Labour Economics, 8: 443-462.
  • Bitzer, J. ve Stephan, A. (2006). “A Schumpeter-Inspired Approach to the Construction of R&D Capital Stocks”. Applied Economics, 39 (2): 179-189.
  • Brown, R.L., Durbin, J., Evans, J. (1975). “Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationship over time”. Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series (B) 37, 149–163.
  • Cecchini, L. ve Lai-Tong, C. (2008). “The Links Between Openness and Productivity in Mediterranean Countries”. Applied Economics, 40: 685-697.
  • Coe, D. T. ve Helpman, E. (1995). “International R&D Spillovers”. European Economic Review, 39: 859-887.
  • Coelli, T. J. ve Rao, D. S. P. (2005). “Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture: A Malmquist Index Analysis of 93 Countries, 1980–2000”. Agricultural Economics, 32: 115-134.
  • Cohen, W. M. ve Levinthal, D. A. (1989). “Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D”. Economic Journal, 99: 569-596.
  • Comin, D. (2006). “Total Factor Productivity” New York University and NBER. Cuneo, P. ve Mairesse, J. (1984). “Productivity and R&D at the Firm Level in French Manufacturing”. R&D, Patents and Productivity, Chicago University Press.
  • Damijan, J. P., Knell, M., Majcen, B. ve Matija, R. (2003). “The Role of FDI, R&D Accumulation and Trade in Transferring Technology to Transition Countries: Evidence from Firm Panel Data for Eight Transition Countries”. Economic Systems, 27: 189-204.
  • Denison, E. F. (1962). “Sources of Growth in United States and the Alternatives Before U.S.” Supplement Paper 13, New York: Committee for Economic Development.
  • Gong, G. ve Keller, W. (2003). “Convergence and Polarization in Global Income Levels: A Review of Recent Results on the Role of International Technology Diffusion”. Research Policy, 32: 1055-1079.
  • Griliches, Z. (1979). “Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth”. The Bell Journal of Economics, 10: 92-116.
  • Griliches, Z. ve Lichtenberg, F. (1984). “Interindustry Technology Flows and Productivity Growth: A Reexamination”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 66 (2) : 324-329.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991a). “Trade, Knowledge Spillovers and Growth”. European Economic Review, 35: 517-526.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991b). “Innovation and Growth in the World Economy”. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Ha, J. ve Howitt, P. (2007). “Accounting for Trends in Productivity and R&D: A Schumpeterian Critique of Semi-Endogenous Growth Theory”. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 39 (4): 733-774.
  • Hall, B. H. ve Mairesse, J. (1995). “Exploring the Relationship Between R&D and Productivity Growth in French Manufacturing Firms”. Journal of Econometrics, 65: 263-294.
  • Howitt, P. (2004). “Endogenous Growth, Productivity and Economic Policy: A Progress Report”. http://www.csls.ca/ipm/8/howitt-e.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 01.06.2015)
  • Howitt, P. ve Mayer-Foulkes, D. (2002). “R&D, Implementation and Stagnation: A Schumpeterian Theory of Convergence Clubs”. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, Paper No: 9104.
  • Hulten, C. R. (2001). “Total Factor Productivity A Short Biography”. National Bureau of Economic Research, 8: 1-54.
  • Keller, W. (1998). “Are International R&D Spillovers Trade-Related? Analyzing Spillovers Among Randomly Matched Trade Partners”. European Economic Review, 42: 1469-1481.
  • Keller, W. (2001). “International Technology Diffusion”. National Bureau of Economic Research, Paper No: 8573.
  • Keller, W. (2002). “Trade and the Transmission of Technology”. Journal of Economic Growth, 7: 5-24
  • Kendrick, J. W. (1961). “Productivity Trends in the United States”. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kim, T. ve Park, C. (2003). “R&D, Trade and Productivity Growth in Korean Manufacturing”.
  • Kortum, S. S. (1997). “Research, Patenting and Technological Change”. Journal of The Econometric Society, 65: 1389-1419.
  • Los, B. ve Verspagen, B. (2000). “R&D Spillovers and Productivity: Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing Microdata”. Empirical Economics, 25: 127-148.
  • Lucas, R., E. (1988). “On the Mechanisms of Economic Development”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22: 3-42.
  • Lundvall, B. A. (ed.) (1992). National Systems of Innovation: An Analytical Framework, London: Pinter.
  • Madsen, J. B. (2008). “Semi-Endogenous Versus Schumpeterian Growth Models: Testing the Knowledge Production Function Using International Data”. Journal of Economic Growth, 13: 1-26.
  • Meinen, G., Verbiest, P. ve Wolg, P. P. (1998). “Perpetual Inventory Method Service Lives Discard Patterns and Depreciation Methods”. Statistics Netherlands.
  • Pesaran, M. H. ve Shin, Y. (1999). “An Autodistributed Lag Modeling Approach to Cointegration Analysis”. Strom, S. (Ed.). Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289–326.
  • Prescott, E. C. (1998). “Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity”. International Economic Review, 39: 525-551.
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”. Journal of Political Economy, 92: 71-102.
  • Saygılı, Ş., Cihan, C. ve Yurtoğlu, H. (2002). “Türkiye Ekonomisinde SermayeBirikimi, Büyüme ve Verimlilik: 1972-2000”. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Yayın No: 2665.
  • Schankerman, M. (1981). “The Effects of Double-Counting and Expensing on the Measured Returns to R&D”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 454-458.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). “The Theory of Economic Development”. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
  • Solow, R. M. (1957). “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 39: 312-320.
  • Verspagen, B. (1995). “R&D and Productivity: A Broad Cross-Section CrossCountry Look”. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 6: 119-135.
  • Voutsinas, I. ve Tsamadias, C. (2014). “Does Research and Development Capital Affect Total Factor Productivity? Evidence from Greece”. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 23: 631-651.
  • Yeldan, E., Taşçı, K., Voyvoda, E. ve Özsan, M. E. (2012). “Orta Gelir Tuzağı’ndan Çıkış: Hangi Türkiye?” http://turkonfed.org/Files/ContentFile/ogt-1sektorel_analiz. pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2014).
  • Zachariadis, M. (2003). “R&D, Innovation and Technological Progress: A Test of the Schumpeterian Framework without Scale Effects”. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36: 566-586.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özlem Fikirli This is me

Ahmet Kibar Çetin This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Fikirli, Ö., & Çetin, A. K. (2015). Ar-Ge Sermaye Birikiminin Toplam Faktör Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 4(2), 147-166.