Research Article
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The Green Economy and Environmental Upgrading in Turkey: A Situation Analysis

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 80 - 104, 30.06.2022

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study is to review rising green economy agenda in a theoretical framework and further examine the capacity of Turkey to participate in the implementation of green growth.
Methodology: The innovation and R&D index is calculated by using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) Method. The index is calculated by using 12 indicators under the 3 main categories as R & D and Innovation infrastructure, R & D Competence and University -Industry Cooperation, patents, design applications and technology-based exports.
Findings: Relying on a mapping of the research and development (R&D) efforts of Turkish industrial clusters, the most innovative firms are highly agglomerated in particular geographies in Turkey.
Practical Implications: The results of the study will lead the further analysis of economic geography and environmental innovations of manufacturing
Originality: The argument is that supplier firms of developing countries in global networks have potential to gain environmental upgrading opportunities in their production processes. This research is an original

References

  • Barbier, E. B. (2012) ‘Progress and challenges in valuing coastal and marine ecosystem services’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. doi: 10.1093/reep/rer017.
  • Başol, O. (2018) ‘An Evaluation Regarding the Development of Green Jobs in the World and in Turkey’, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 55(636), pp. 71–87.
  • Belgin, Ö. and Avşar, B. A. (2019) ‘Measuring R&D and Innovation Performance at Regional and Provincial Level in Turkey Using Grey Relational Analysis’, Verimlilik Dergisi, 2, pp. 27–48.
  • Bettiol, M. et al. (2011) ‘Economic, social and environmental upgrading in value chains: Social entrepreneurship and the role of emerging economy lead firms’, Rising Powers and Global Standards Working Paper.
  • Bina, O. (2013) ‘The Green Economy and Sustainable Development: An Uneasy Balance?’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 31(6), pp. 1023–1047.
  • Brewer, B. D. (2011) ‘Global Commodity Chains & World Income Inequalities: The Missing Link of Inequality and the Upgrading Paradox’, Journal of World-Systems Research. doi: 10.5195/jwsr.2011.423.
  • Bristow, G. I. (2009) ‘Limits to regional competitiveness’, in The Future of Regional Policy. London: Smith Institute, pp. 25–32.
  • Ceballos, B., Lamata, M. T. and Pelta, D. A. (2016) ‘A comparative analysis of multi-criteria decisionmaking methods’, Progress in Artificial Intelligence, 5(4), pp. 315–322.
  • Danish and Ulucak, R. (2020) ‘How do environmental technologies affect green growth? Evidence from BRICS economies’, Science of The Total Environment, 712, p.136504. doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.136504.
  • Death, C. (2014) ‘The Green Economy in South Africa: Global Discourses and Local Politics’, Politikon. doi: 10.1080/02589346.2014.885668.
  • Dicken, P. (2014) Global Shift, Seventh Edition Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy, Global Shift.
  • Dovì, V. G. et al. (2009) ‘Cleaner energy for sustainable future’, Journal of Cleaner Production. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.02.001.
  • Eraydin, A. and Armatli-Köroğlu, B. (2005) ‘Innovation, networking and the new industrial clusters: The characteristics of networks and local innovation capabilities in the Turkish industrial clusters’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. doi: 10.1080/08985620500202632.
  • Ernst, D. (2002) ‘Global production networks and the changing geography of innovation systems. implications for developing countries’, International Journal of Phytoremediation. doi: 10.1080/10438590214341.
  • Ferguson, P. (2015) ‘The green economy agenda: business as usual or transformational discourse?’, Environmental Politics. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2014.919748.
  • Geffen, C. A. and Rothenberg, S. (2000) ‘Suppliers and environmental innovation the automotive paint process’, International Journal of Operations and Production Management. doi: 10.1108/01443570010304242.
  • Gereffi, G. (1999) ‘A commodity chains framework for analyzing global industries’, Institute of Development Studies. doi: http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/pdfs/gereffi.pdf.
  • Gereffi, G. and Memedovic, O. (2003) The Global Apparel Value Chain: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries?
  • Gibbon, P., Bair, J. and Ponte, S. (2008) ‘Governing global value chains: An introduction’, Economy and Society. doi: 10.1080/03085140802172656.
  • Gibbs, D. and O’Neill, K. (2014) ‘The green economy, sustainability transitions and transition regions: A case study of boston’, Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography. doi: 10.1111/geob.12046.
  • Goger, A. (2013) ‘The making of a “business case” for environmental upgrading: Sri Lanka’s eco-factories’, Geoforum. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.03.006.
  • Goodman, J. and Salleh, A. (2013) ‘The “Green Economy”: Class Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony’, Globalizations. doi: 10.1080/14747731.2013.787770.
  • Govindan, K. et al. (2015) ‘Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: A literature review’, Journal of Cleaner Production. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.046.
  • Guo, L. ling, Qu, Y. and Tseng, M.-L. (2017) ‘The interaction effects of environmental regulation and technological innovation on regional green growth performance’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, pp. 894–902.
  • Guo, Y. et al. (2018) ‘Environmental regulation, government R & D funding and green technology innovation: Evidence from China provincial data’, Sustainability (Switzerland). doi: 10.3390/su10040940.
  • Jakobsen, S. and Clausen, T. H. (2016) ‘Innovating for a greener future: the direct and indirect effects of firms’ environmental objectives on the innovation process’, Journal of Cleaner Production. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.023.
  • Karadeniz Yılmaz, Y. et al. (2016) ‘Analysis of Competitiveness of Provinces in Turkey with the Help of Innovation Index: Level-III’, Sosyoekonomi, 24(30), pp. 71–90.
  • Khattak, A. et al. (2015) ‘Environmental upgrading of apparel firms in global value chains: Evidence from Sri Lanka’, Competition and Change. doi: 10.1177/ 1024529415581972.
  • De Marchi, V. and Grandinetti, R. (2013) ‘Knowledge strategies for environmental innovations: The case of Italian manufacturing firms’, Journal of Knowledge Management. doi: 10.1108/JKM-03-2013-0121.
  • De Marchi, V., Di Maria, E. and Micelli, S. (2013) ‘Environmental Strategies, Upgrading and Competitive Advantage in Global Value Chains’, Business Strategy and the Environment. doi: 10.1002/bse.1738.
  • De Marchi, V., Di Maria, E. and Ponte, S. (2013) ‘The greening of global value chains: Insights from the furniture industry’, Competition and Change. doi: 10.1179/10245294 13Z.00000000040.
  • De Martino, M. De and Magnotti, F. (2018) ‘The innovation capacity of small food firms in Italy’, European Journal of Innovation Management, 21(3), pp. 362–383.
  • Ministry of Development, R. of T. (2016) Report on Turkey’s Initial Steps towards the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
  • Ministry of Industry and Technology (2021) R&D and Design Centers. Available at: https://agtm.sanayi.gov.tr/Agm/ArgeDetay.
  • Orsato, R. J. (2006) ‘Competitive environmental strategies: When does it pay to be GREEN?’, in California Management Review. doi: 10.2307/41166341.
  • Özatagan, G. (2011) ‘Shifts in value chain governance and upgrading in the European periphery of automotive production: evidence from Bursa, Turkey’, Environment and Planning A.
  • Poulsen, R. T., Ponte, S. and Lister, J. (2016) ‘Buyer-driven greening? Cargo-owners and environmental upgrading in maritime shipping’, Geoforum. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.11.018.
  • Rençber, Ö. F. (2019) ‘Comparisons of Grey Relational Analysis and VIKOR Method: A Sample Application on Manufactionary Sector’, Journal of Yasar University, 14(Special), pp. 69–81.
  • Tokatli, N. (2007a) ‘Asymmetrical power relations and upgrading among suppliers of global clothing brands: Hugo Boss in Turkey’, Journal of Economic Geography. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbl017.
  • Tokatli, N. (2007b) ‘Networks, firms and upgrading within the blue-jeans industry: Evidence from Turkey’, Global Networks. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00156.x.
  • Tokatli, N. and Kizilgün, Ö. (2004) ‘Upgrading in the global clothing industry: Mavi Jeans and the transformation of a Turkish firm from full-package to brand-name manufacturing and retailing’, Economic Geography. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2004.tb00233.x.
  • Turkish Council of Higher Education (2021) National Thesis Center. Available at: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2019) Innovation Statistics. Available at: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Innovation-Survey-2018-30581.
  • Vachon, S. and Klassen, R. D. (2008) ‘Environmental management and manufacturing performance: The role of collaboration in the supply chain’, International Journal of Production Economics. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.11.030.
  • Venables, A. J. (2006) ‘Shifts in Economic Geography and Their Causes.’, Economic Review (01612387).
  • Wang, K.-H. et al. (2021) ‘Is technological innovation making world “Greener”? An evidence from changing growth story of China’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 165(C).
  • Yılmaz, V. (2017) ‘The Efficiency of Green Growth Practices in Turkey’, The Journal of Academic Social Sciences. doi: 10.16992/asos.13059.
  • You, M. L. et al. (2017) ‘Analysis of cardinal grey relational grade and grey entropy on achievement of air pollution reduction by evaluating air quality trend in Japan’, Journal of Cleaner Production. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.072.
  • Yurtseven, A. E. and Tandoğan, V. S. (2012) ‘Patterns of innovation and intra-industry heterogeneity in Turkey’, International Review of Applied Economics. doi: 10.1080/02692171.2011.631900.

Yeşil Ekonomi ve Türkiye’de Çevresel İyileşme: Bir Durum Analizi

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 80 - 104, 30.06.2022

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, yükselen yeşil ekonomi gündemini teorik bir çerçevede incelemek ve Türkiye’nin yeşil büyüme uygulamalarına katılım kapasitesini incelemektir.
Yöntem: İnovasyon ve Ar-Ge endeksi Gri İlişkisel Analiz (GRA) Yöntemi kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Endeks Ar-Ge ve İnovasyon altyapısı, Ar-Ge Yeterliliği ve Üniversite-Sanayi İşbirliği, patentler, tasarım uygulamaları ve teknolojiye dayalı ihracat olmak üzere 3 ana kategori altında 12 gösterge kullanılarak hesaplanmaktadır.
Bulgular: Türk sanayi bölgelerinin teknolojik araştırma ve geliştirme (Ar-Ge) çabalarının haritalandırılmasına dayanarak, en yenilikçi firmaların Türkiye’deki belirli coğrafyalarda yüksek oranda kümelendiği görülmektedir.
Sonuç ve Öneriler: Çevresel iyileştirme kapasitesi en yüksek firmalar belirli coğrafyalarda kümelenme göstermektedir. Son dönem veri seti ile yapılan analizlere göre bu kümelenmenin daha da derinleştiği görülmüştür. Çalışma sonuçlarının, kümelenme görülen coğrafyalarda çevresel iyileştirme kapasitesini etkileyen dinamiklerin tespitini derinlemesine inceleme üzerinden tespit edecek çalışmalara kaynaklık etmesi öngörülmektedir.
Özgün Değer: Ana argüman, küresel ağlar üzerinden, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin tedarikçi firmalarının, üretim süreçlerinin çevresel iyileştirme fırsatı kazanma potansiyeline sahiptirler. Bu araştırma, birçok geleneksel sektörün eski teknolojilerden ekolojik girişimcilik ve temiz enerji teknolojilerine geçiş süreci konusunda Türkiye’nin deneyimini ortaya koyan özgün bir çalışmadır

References

  • Barbier, E. B. (2012) ‘Progress and challenges in valuing coastal and marine ecosystem services’, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. doi: 10.1093/reep/rer017.
  • Başol, O. (2018) ‘An Evaluation Regarding the Development of Green Jobs in the World and in Turkey’, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 55(636), pp. 71–87.
  • Belgin, Ö. and Avşar, B. A. (2019) ‘Measuring R&D and Innovation Performance at Regional and Provincial Level in Turkey Using Grey Relational Analysis’, Verimlilik Dergisi, 2, pp. 27–48.
  • Bettiol, M. et al. (2011) ‘Economic, social and environmental upgrading in value chains: Social entrepreneurship and the role of emerging economy lead firms’, Rising Powers and Global Standards Working Paper.
  • Bina, O. (2013) ‘The Green Economy and Sustainable Development: An Uneasy Balance?’, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 31(6), pp. 1023–1047.
  • Brewer, B. D. (2011) ‘Global Commodity Chains & World Income Inequalities: The Missing Link of Inequality and the Upgrading Paradox’, Journal of World-Systems Research. doi: 10.5195/jwsr.2011.423.
  • Bristow, G. I. (2009) ‘Limits to regional competitiveness’, in The Future of Regional Policy. London: Smith Institute, pp. 25–32.
  • Ceballos, B., Lamata, M. T. and Pelta, D. A. (2016) ‘A comparative analysis of multi-criteria decisionmaking methods’, Progress in Artificial Intelligence, 5(4), pp. 315–322.
  • Danish and Ulucak, R. (2020) ‘How do environmental technologies affect green growth? Evidence from BRICS economies’, Science of The Total Environment, 712, p.136504. doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.136504.
  • Death, C. (2014) ‘The Green Economy in South Africa: Global Discourses and Local Politics’, Politikon. doi: 10.1080/02589346.2014.885668.
  • Dicken, P. (2014) Global Shift, Seventh Edition Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy, Global Shift.
  • Dovì, V. G. et al. (2009) ‘Cleaner energy for sustainable future’, Journal of Cleaner Production. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.02.001.
  • Eraydin, A. and Armatli-Köroğlu, B. (2005) ‘Innovation, networking and the new industrial clusters: The characteristics of networks and local innovation capabilities in the Turkish industrial clusters’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. doi: 10.1080/08985620500202632.
  • Ernst, D. (2002) ‘Global production networks and the changing geography of innovation systems. implications for developing countries’, International Journal of Phytoremediation. doi: 10.1080/10438590214341.
  • Ferguson, P. (2015) ‘The green economy agenda: business as usual or transformational discourse?’, Environmental Politics. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2014.919748.
  • Geffen, C. A. and Rothenberg, S. (2000) ‘Suppliers and environmental innovation the automotive paint process’, International Journal of Operations and Production Management. doi: 10.1108/01443570010304242.
  • Gereffi, G. (1999) ‘A commodity chains framework for analyzing global industries’, Institute of Development Studies. doi: http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/pdfs/gereffi.pdf.
  • Gereffi, G. and Memedovic, O. (2003) The Global Apparel Value Chain: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries?
  • Gibbon, P., Bair, J. and Ponte, S. (2008) ‘Governing global value chains: An introduction’, Economy and Society. doi: 10.1080/03085140802172656.
  • Gibbs, D. and O’Neill, K. (2014) ‘The green economy, sustainability transitions and transition regions: A case study of boston’, Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography. doi: 10.1111/geob.12046.
  • Goger, A. (2013) ‘The making of a “business case” for environmental upgrading: Sri Lanka’s eco-factories’, Geoforum. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.03.006.
  • Goodman, J. and Salleh, A. (2013) ‘The “Green Economy”: Class Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony’, Globalizations. doi: 10.1080/14747731.2013.787770.
  • Govindan, K. et al. (2015) ‘Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: A literature review’, Journal of Cleaner Production. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.046.
  • Guo, L. ling, Qu, Y. and Tseng, M.-L. (2017) ‘The interaction effects of environmental regulation and technological innovation on regional green growth performance’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, pp. 894–902.
  • Guo, Y. et al. (2018) ‘Environmental regulation, government R & D funding and green technology innovation: Evidence from China provincial data’, Sustainability (Switzerland). doi: 10.3390/su10040940.
  • Jakobsen, S. and Clausen, T. H. (2016) ‘Innovating for a greener future: the direct and indirect effects of firms’ environmental objectives on the innovation process’, Journal of Cleaner Production. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.023.
  • Karadeniz Yılmaz, Y. et al. (2016) ‘Analysis of Competitiveness of Provinces in Turkey with the Help of Innovation Index: Level-III’, Sosyoekonomi, 24(30), pp. 71–90.
  • Khattak, A. et al. (2015) ‘Environmental upgrading of apparel firms in global value chains: Evidence from Sri Lanka’, Competition and Change. doi: 10.1177/ 1024529415581972.
  • De Marchi, V. and Grandinetti, R. (2013) ‘Knowledge strategies for environmental innovations: The case of Italian manufacturing firms’, Journal of Knowledge Management. doi: 10.1108/JKM-03-2013-0121.
  • De Marchi, V., Di Maria, E. and Micelli, S. (2013) ‘Environmental Strategies, Upgrading and Competitive Advantage in Global Value Chains’, Business Strategy and the Environment. doi: 10.1002/bse.1738.
  • De Marchi, V., Di Maria, E. and Ponte, S. (2013) ‘The greening of global value chains: Insights from the furniture industry’, Competition and Change. doi: 10.1179/10245294 13Z.00000000040.
  • De Martino, M. De and Magnotti, F. (2018) ‘The innovation capacity of small food firms in Italy’, European Journal of Innovation Management, 21(3), pp. 362–383.
  • Ministry of Development, R. of T. (2016) Report on Turkey’s Initial Steps towards the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
  • Ministry of Industry and Technology (2021) R&D and Design Centers. Available at: https://agtm.sanayi.gov.tr/Agm/ArgeDetay.
  • Orsato, R. J. (2006) ‘Competitive environmental strategies: When does it pay to be GREEN?’, in California Management Review. doi: 10.2307/41166341.
  • Özatagan, G. (2011) ‘Shifts in value chain governance and upgrading in the European periphery of automotive production: evidence from Bursa, Turkey’, Environment and Planning A.
  • Poulsen, R. T., Ponte, S. and Lister, J. (2016) ‘Buyer-driven greening? Cargo-owners and environmental upgrading in maritime shipping’, Geoforum. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.11.018.
  • Rençber, Ö. F. (2019) ‘Comparisons of Grey Relational Analysis and VIKOR Method: A Sample Application on Manufactionary Sector’, Journal of Yasar University, 14(Special), pp. 69–81.
  • Tokatli, N. (2007a) ‘Asymmetrical power relations and upgrading among suppliers of global clothing brands: Hugo Boss in Turkey’, Journal of Economic Geography. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbl017.
  • Tokatli, N. (2007b) ‘Networks, firms and upgrading within the blue-jeans industry: Evidence from Turkey’, Global Networks. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00156.x.
  • Tokatli, N. and Kizilgün, Ö. (2004) ‘Upgrading in the global clothing industry: Mavi Jeans and the transformation of a Turkish firm from full-package to brand-name manufacturing and retailing’, Economic Geography. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2004.tb00233.x.
  • Turkish Council of Higher Education (2021) National Thesis Center. Available at: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2019) Innovation Statistics. Available at: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Innovation-Survey-2018-30581.
  • Vachon, S. and Klassen, R. D. (2008) ‘Environmental management and manufacturing performance: The role of collaboration in the supply chain’, International Journal of Production Economics. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.11.030.
  • Venables, A. J. (2006) ‘Shifts in Economic Geography and Their Causes.’, Economic Review (01612387).
  • Wang, K.-H. et al. (2021) ‘Is technological innovation making world “Greener”? An evidence from changing growth story of China’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 165(C).
  • Yılmaz, V. (2017) ‘The Efficiency of Green Growth Practices in Turkey’, The Journal of Academic Social Sciences. doi: 10.16992/asos.13059.
  • You, M. L. et al. (2017) ‘Analysis of cardinal grey relational grade and grey entropy on achievement of air pollution reduction by evaluating air quality trend in Japan’, Journal of Cleaner Production. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.072.
  • Yurtseven, A. E. and Tandoğan, V. S. (2012) ‘Patterns of innovation and intra-industry heterogeneity in Turkey’, International Review of Applied Economics. doi: 10.1080/02692171.2011.631900.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sevim Pelin Öztürk This is me

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Öztürk, S. P. (2022). The Green Economy and Environmental Upgrading in Turkey: A Situation Analysis. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 11(1), 80-104.