Review Article

A Review of the Impact of Informal Digital Learning of English on EFL Students’ Willingness to Communicate

Volume: 3 Number: 1 June 11, 2025
EN TR

A Review of the Impact of Informal Digital Learning of English on EFL Students’ Willingness to Communicate

Abstract

This brief literature review aims to underscore the importance of informal digital learning of English (IDLE) on EFL learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) in English. Starting with a review of foundational theories and early studies on WTC, this paper draws on a range of recent studies examining the relationship between IDLE and language learners’ WTC. The review highlights the positive influence IDLE has on learners’ autonomy, confidence, motivation and engagement with English. In addition, it was found that language learners who took part in IDLE achieved higher academic success. The findings suggest that informal digital environments and interactions, including social media and games, play a significant role in reducing language learners’ boredom and anxiety, thereby encouraging more frequent communication in English. The review concludes that employing IDLE and integrating elements of IDLE into formal language instruction could enhance the overall learning experience and result in achieving more learning outcomes. This paper discusses the ways in which language instructors can encourage IDLE activities.

Keywords

References

  1. Aiju, L., Abdullah, A., & Yufeng, W. (2025). Informal learning of English or English learning beyond the classroom? A systematic and bibliometric review (1998-2024). International Journal of Instruction, 18(2), 261–284. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2025.18215a.
  2. Beckett, D., & Hager, P. (2002). Life, work and learning: Practice in postmodernity (Vol. 14). Routledge International Studies in Philosophy of Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED474775.
  3. Burgoon, J. K. (1976). The unwillingness‐to‐communicate scale: Development and validation. Communication Monographs, 43(1), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637757609375916.
  4. Godwin-Jones, R. (2011). Mobile apps for language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 15(2), 2–11. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/ 10125/44244/1/15_02_emerging.pdf.
  5. Khoso, A. K., Honggang, W., & Darazi, M. A. (2025). Empowering creativity and engagement: The impact of generative artificial intelligence usage on Chines EFL students’ language learning experience. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 18, 100627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100627.
  6. Lai, C., Zhu, W., & Gong, G. (2015). Understanding the quality of out-of-class English learning. TESOL Quarterly, 49(2), 278–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.171.
  7. Lee, J. S., Lee, K., & Drajati, N. A. (2018). Preservice English teachers’ perceptions of English as an international language in Indonesia and Korea. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40(3), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01434632.2018.1503669.
  8. Lee, J. S., & Drajati, N. A. (2019). Affective variables and informal digital learning of English: Keys to willingness to communicate in a second language. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5177.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

English As A Second Language

Journal Section

Review Article

Early Pub Date

June 10, 2025

Publication Date

June 11, 2025

Submission Date

May 20, 2025

Acceptance Date

June 10, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 3 Number: 1

APA
Andaç, H. N. (2025). A Review of the Impact of Informal Digital Learning of English on EFL Students’ Willingness to Communicate. Journal of English Language, 3(1), 68-80. https://izlik.org/JA49YK22FA