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A Review of the Impact of Informal Digital Learning of English on EFL Students’ Willingness to Communicate

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 68 - 80, 11.06.2025

Abstract

This brief literature review aims to underscore the importance of informal digital learning of English (IDLE) on EFL learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) in English. Starting with a review of foundational theories and early studies on WTC, this paper draws on a range of recent studies examining the relationship between IDLE and language learners’ WTC. The review highlights the positive influence IDLE has on learners’ autonomy, confidence, motivation and engagement with English. In addition, it was found that language learners who took part in IDLE achieved higher academic success. The findings suggest that informal digital environments and interactions, including social media and games, play a significant role in reducing language learners’ boredom and anxiety, thereby encouraging more frequent communication in English. The review concludes that employing IDLE and integrating elements of IDLE into formal language instruction could enhance the overall learning experience and result in achieving more learning outcomes. This paper discusses the ways in which language instructors can encourage IDLE activities.

References

  • Aiju, L., Abdullah, A., & Yufeng, W. (2025). Informal learning of English or English learning beyond the classroom? A systematic and bibliometric review (1998-2024). International Journal of Instruction, 18(2), 261–284. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2025.18215a.
  • Beckett, D., & Hager, P. (2002). Life, work and learning: Practice in postmodernity (Vol. 14). Routledge International Studies in Philosophy of Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED474775.
  • Burgoon, J. K. (1976). The unwillingness‐to‐communicate scale: Development and validation. Communication Monographs, 43(1), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637757609375916.
  • Godwin-Jones, R. (2011). Mobile apps for language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 15(2), 2–11. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/ 10125/44244/1/15_02_emerging.pdf.
  • Khoso, A. K., Honggang, W., & Darazi, M. A. (2025). Empowering creativity and engagement: The impact of generative artificial intelligence usage on Chines EFL students’ language learning experience. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 18, 100627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100627.
  • Lai, C., Zhu, W., & Gong, G. (2015). Understanding the quality of out-of-class English learning. TESOL Quarterly, 49(2), 278–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.171.
  • Lee, J. S., Lee, K., & Drajati, N. A. (2018). Preservice English teachers’ perceptions of English as an international language in Indonesia and Korea. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40(3), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01434632.2018.1503669.
  • Lee, J. S., & Drajati, N. A. (2019). Affective variables and informal digital learning of English: Keys to willingness to communicate in a second language. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5177.
  • Lee, J. S., & Lee, K. (2019). Informal digital learning of English and English as an international language: The path less traveled. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1447-1461.
  • Liu, G., & Darvin, R. (2023). From rural China to the digital wilds: Negotiating digital repertoires to claim the right to speak. TESOL Quarterly, 58(1), 334–362. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3233.
  • Liu, G., Ma, C., Bao, J., & Liu, Z. (2023). Toward a model of informal digital learning of English and intercultural competence: A large-scale structural equation modeling approach. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1–25. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09588221.2023.2191652.
  • Macintyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1998.tb05543.x.
  • Malcolm, J., Hodkinson, P., & Colley, H. (2003). Informality and formality in learning: A report for the Learning and Skills Research Centre. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/4647/.
  • McCroskey, J. C., & Baer, J. E. (1985, November). Willingness to communicate: The construct and its measurement. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Denver, CO.
  • Sauro, S., & Zourou, K. (2019). What are the digital wilds. Language Learning & Technology, 23(1), 1–7. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/44666/1/ 23_01_10125-44666.pdf.
  • Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1), 3–10. http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Jan_05/article01.htm.
  • Zadorozhnyy, A., & Lee, J. S. (2025). Comparing classroom and digital settings: The role of basic psychological needs on EFL students’ IDLE engagement. ReCALL, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344025000059.

İngilizce’nin Örgün Öğrenme Dışındaki Dijital Öğreniminin Yabancı Dil Olarak İngilizce Öğrenen Öğrencilerin İngilizce İletişim Kurma İstekliliği Üzerindeki Etkisine İlişkin Bir İnceleme

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 68 - 80, 11.06.2025

Abstract

Bu kısa literatür incelemesi, İngilizce’nin örgün öğrenme dışındaki dijital öğreniminin yabancı dil olarak İngilizce öğrenen öğrencilerin İngilizce iletişim kurma istekliliği üzerindeki önemini vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. İletişim kurma istekliliğine ilişkin temel teorilerin ve erken dönem çalışmalarının bir incelemesiyle başlayan bu makale, örgün öğrenme dışında dijital olarak İngilizce öğrenme süreciyle iletişim kurma istekliliği arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen bir dizi yeni çalışmaya yer vermektedir. İnceleme, İngilizce’nin örgün olmayan şekilde dijital öğreniminin öğrenci özerkliği, özgüveni, motivasyonu ve İngilizce ile etkileşimi üzerindeki olumlu etkisini vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, örgün öğrenme dışında dijital şekilde dil öğrenen öğrencilerin daha yüksek akademik başarı elde ettiği bulunmuştur. Bulgular, sosyal medya ve oyunlar gibi örgün eğitime dahil olmayan dijital ortamların ve etkileşimlerin dil öğrencilerinin can sıkıntısını ve kaygısını azaltmada önemli bir rol oynadığını, ve dolayısıyla daha sık İngilizce iletişimi teşvik ettiğini göstermektedir. İnceleme, örgün öğretim dışındaki dijital öğrenme aktivitelerinin kullanılmasının ve resmi dil eğitimine entegre edilmesinin genel öğrenme deneyimini iyileştirebileceği ve daha fazla öğrenme çıktısı elde edilebileceği sonucuna varmıştır. Bu makalede, dil eğitmenlerinin örgün öğretim dışındaki dijital öğrenme aktivitelerini nasıl teşvik edebilecekleri tartışılmaktadır.

References

  • Aiju, L., Abdullah, A., & Yufeng, W. (2025). Informal learning of English or English learning beyond the classroom? A systematic and bibliometric review (1998-2024). International Journal of Instruction, 18(2), 261–284. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2025.18215a.
  • Beckett, D., & Hager, P. (2002). Life, work and learning: Practice in postmodernity (Vol. 14). Routledge International Studies in Philosophy of Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED474775.
  • Burgoon, J. K. (1976). The unwillingness‐to‐communicate scale: Development and validation. Communication Monographs, 43(1), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637757609375916.
  • Godwin-Jones, R. (2011). Mobile apps for language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 15(2), 2–11. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/ 10125/44244/1/15_02_emerging.pdf.
  • Khoso, A. K., Honggang, W., & Darazi, M. A. (2025). Empowering creativity and engagement: The impact of generative artificial intelligence usage on Chines EFL students’ language learning experience. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 18, 100627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100627.
  • Lai, C., Zhu, W., & Gong, G. (2015). Understanding the quality of out-of-class English learning. TESOL Quarterly, 49(2), 278–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.171.
  • Lee, J. S., Lee, K., & Drajati, N. A. (2018). Preservice English teachers’ perceptions of English as an international language in Indonesia and Korea. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40(3), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01434632.2018.1503669.
  • Lee, J. S., & Drajati, N. A. (2019). Affective variables and informal digital learning of English: Keys to willingness to communicate in a second language. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5177.
  • Lee, J. S., & Lee, K. (2019). Informal digital learning of English and English as an international language: The path less traveled. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1447-1461.
  • Liu, G., & Darvin, R. (2023). From rural China to the digital wilds: Negotiating digital repertoires to claim the right to speak. TESOL Quarterly, 58(1), 334–362. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3233.
  • Liu, G., Ma, C., Bao, J., & Liu, Z. (2023). Toward a model of informal digital learning of English and intercultural competence: A large-scale structural equation modeling approach. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1–25. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09588221.2023.2191652.
  • Macintyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1998.tb05543.x.
  • Malcolm, J., Hodkinson, P., & Colley, H. (2003). Informality and formality in learning: A report for the Learning and Skills Research Centre. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/4647/.
  • McCroskey, J. C., & Baer, J. E. (1985, November). Willingness to communicate: The construct and its measurement. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Denver, CO.
  • Sauro, S., & Zourou, K. (2019). What are the digital wilds. Language Learning & Technology, 23(1), 1–7. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/44666/1/ 23_01_10125-44666.pdf.
  • Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1), 3–10. http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Jan_05/article01.htm.
  • Zadorozhnyy, A., & Lee, J. S. (2025). Comparing classroom and digital settings: The role of basic psychological needs on EFL students’ IDLE engagement. ReCALL, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344025000059.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects English As A Second Language
Journal Section Review Article
Authors

Hanen Naz Andaç 0009-0006-0665-6037

Early Pub Date June 10, 2025
Publication Date June 11, 2025
Submission Date May 20, 2025
Acceptance Date June 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Andaç, H. N. (2025). A Review of the Impact of Informal Digital Learning of English on EFL Students’ Willingness to Communicate. Journal of English Language, 3(1), 68-80.