Russian Federation, under the leadership of Vladimir Putin reoriented its foreign policy, and it has been conducting assertive foreign policy since the Munich Security Conference in 2007. Arab Spring became the opportunity for Russian Federation to implement this assertive foreign policy. Although Russian Federation supported democratic demands and transition to democracy in the first phase of the Arab Spring, later on, it has reoriented its foreign policy towards the Arab Spring in the second phase, which means supporting the counter-revolution. This study explains the reason why Russia supported counter-revolutionary movements in the post-Arab Spring period.
Abdessadok, Z. (2017). Libya Today: FromArab Spring to failed state. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/04/happening-libya-today-170418083223563.html
Al-Arian, A. (2019). Mohamed Morsi: An Egyptian tragedy. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/mohamed-morsi-egyptian-tragedy-190619141746802.html
Aljazeera English. (2011, March 12). Arab League calls on U.N. to impose Libya no-fly zone. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-arabs-idUSTRE72B1FI20110312
Aljazeera Türk. (2015). Rusya’nın operasyonlarına 7 ülkeden ortak bildiri. Al Jazeera Turk -Ortadoğu, Kafkasya, Balkanlar, Türkiye ve çevresindeki bölgeden son dakika haberleri veanalizler. http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/rusyanin-operasyonlarina-7-ulkeden-ortak-bildir
Allison, R. (2013). Russia and Syria: Explaining alignment with a regime in crisis. International Affairs, 89(4), 795–823. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12046
Ashour, O. (2015). Between ISIS and a failed state: The saga of Libyan Islamists. 1–12.
Azzam Tamimi. (2016). The Mayhem in Syria: Where to? Insight Turkey, 18(02), 11–19.
Burhanettin Duran, & Nurullah Ardıç. (2014). Arap Baharı. In Şaban Kardaş & Ali Balcı (Eds.), Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş (4.Baskı, pp. 681–694). Küre Yayınları.
Emre Erşen. (2016). Rusya’nın Suriye Politikası: Fırsatlar, Riskler ve Tehditler. In Hasan Basri Yalçın & Burhanettin Duran (Eds.), Küresel ve Bölgesel Aktörlerin Suriye Stratejileri (1.Baskı, pp. 149–174). SETA.
Financial Times. (2011, March 21). Medvedev and Putin clash over Libya. https://www.ft.com/content/2e62b08e-53d2-11e0-a01c-00144feab49a
Hanna, M. W., & Benaim, D. (2019, August 14). Egypt First. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/egypt/2018-01-04/egypt-first
Hauer, N. (2018, January 18). Chechen and North Caucasian militants in Syria. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/chechen-and-north-caucasian-militants-in-syria/
Medvedev, D. (2011). Dmitry Medvedev addressed the World Economic Forum in Davos. President of Russia. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/10163
Muhammed Hüseyin Mercan. (2016). 1970’ten Günümüze Suriye Dış PolitikasınınTemel Parametreleri. In Mehmet Akif Okur & Nuri Salık (Eds.), Bağımsızlıktan Arap Baharı’na Suriye İç ve Dış Politika (1.Baskı, pp. 239–262). Nobel.
Nikitinа, Y. (2014). The “Color Revolutions” and “Arab Spring” in Russian Official Discourse. Connections, 14(1), 87–104. JSTOR.
Ömer Faruk Topal. (2016). Beşşar Esed Döneminde Toplumsal Muhalefet ve İç Savaş. In Mehmet Akif Okur & Nuri Salık (Eds.), Bağımsızlıktan Arap Baharı’na Suriye İç ve Dış Politika (1.Baskı, pp. 67–98). Nobel.
Pavek K. Baev. (2011). Russia’s Counter-Revolutionary Stance toward the Arab Spring. Insight Turkey, 13(3), 11–19.
Putin, V. V. (2013, September 11). Opinion | A Plea for Caution From Russia. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html
Roland Dannreuther & Mark N. Katz. (2011). Russia and the Arab Spring (RUSSIAN ANALYTICAL DIGEST No. 98; pp. 1–3).
Salih Yılmaz. (2016). Rusya Neden Suriye’de? (1.Baskı). Yazar Yayınları.
Schumacher, T., & Nitoiu, C. (2015). Russia’s Foreign Policy Towards North Africa in the Wake of the Arab Spring. Mediterranean Politics, 20(1), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2015.1007006
Sudakov, D. (2012, July 11). Why didn’t Russia use veto right on Libya? PravdaReport. https://www.pravdareport.com/world/121625-libya/
Russian Foreign Policy in the Arab Spring Period
Year 2021,
Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 47 - 58, 29.12.2021
Abdessadok, Z. (2017). Libya Today: FromArab Spring to failed state. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/04/happening-libya-today-170418083223563.html
Al-Arian, A. (2019). Mohamed Morsi: An Egyptian tragedy. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/mohamed-morsi-egyptian-tragedy-190619141746802.html
Aljazeera English. (2011, March 12). Arab League calls on U.N. to impose Libya no-fly zone. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-arabs-idUSTRE72B1FI20110312
Aljazeera Türk. (2015). Rusya’nın operasyonlarına 7 ülkeden ortak bildiri. Al Jazeera Turk -Ortadoğu, Kafkasya, Balkanlar, Türkiye ve çevresindeki bölgeden son dakika haberleri veanalizler. http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/rusyanin-operasyonlarina-7-ulkeden-ortak-bildir
Allison, R. (2013). Russia and Syria: Explaining alignment with a regime in crisis. International Affairs, 89(4), 795–823. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12046
Ashour, O. (2015). Between ISIS and a failed state: The saga of Libyan Islamists. 1–12.
Azzam Tamimi. (2016). The Mayhem in Syria: Where to? Insight Turkey, 18(02), 11–19.
Burhanettin Duran, & Nurullah Ardıç. (2014). Arap Baharı. In Şaban Kardaş & Ali Balcı (Eds.), Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş (4.Baskı, pp. 681–694). Küre Yayınları.
Emre Erşen. (2016). Rusya’nın Suriye Politikası: Fırsatlar, Riskler ve Tehditler. In Hasan Basri Yalçın & Burhanettin Duran (Eds.), Küresel ve Bölgesel Aktörlerin Suriye Stratejileri (1.Baskı, pp. 149–174). SETA.
Financial Times. (2011, March 21). Medvedev and Putin clash over Libya. https://www.ft.com/content/2e62b08e-53d2-11e0-a01c-00144feab49a
Hanna, M. W., & Benaim, D. (2019, August 14). Egypt First. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/egypt/2018-01-04/egypt-first
Hauer, N. (2018, January 18). Chechen and North Caucasian militants in Syria. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/chechen-and-north-caucasian-militants-in-syria/
Medvedev, D. (2011). Dmitry Medvedev addressed the World Economic Forum in Davos. President of Russia. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/10163
Muhammed Hüseyin Mercan. (2016). 1970’ten Günümüze Suriye Dış PolitikasınınTemel Parametreleri. In Mehmet Akif Okur & Nuri Salık (Eds.), Bağımsızlıktan Arap Baharı’na Suriye İç ve Dış Politika (1.Baskı, pp. 239–262). Nobel.
Nikitinа, Y. (2014). The “Color Revolutions” and “Arab Spring” in Russian Official Discourse. Connections, 14(1), 87–104. JSTOR.
Ömer Faruk Topal. (2016). Beşşar Esed Döneminde Toplumsal Muhalefet ve İç Savaş. In Mehmet Akif Okur & Nuri Salık (Eds.), Bağımsızlıktan Arap Baharı’na Suriye İç ve Dış Politika (1.Baskı, pp. 67–98). Nobel.
Pavek K. Baev. (2011). Russia’s Counter-Revolutionary Stance toward the Arab Spring. Insight Turkey, 13(3), 11–19.
Putin, V. V. (2013, September 11). Opinion | A Plea for Caution From Russia. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html
Roland Dannreuther & Mark N. Katz. (2011). Russia and the Arab Spring (RUSSIAN ANALYTICAL DIGEST No. 98; pp. 1–3).
Salih Yılmaz. (2016). Rusya Neden Suriye’de? (1.Baskı). Yazar Yayınları.
Schumacher, T., & Nitoiu, C. (2015). Russia’s Foreign Policy Towards North Africa in the Wake of the Arab Spring. Mediterranean Politics, 20(1), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2015.1007006
Sudakov, D. (2012, July 11). Why didn’t Russia use veto right on Libya? PravdaReport. https://www.pravdareport.com/world/121625-libya/