Abstract
Geothermal energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources which provides a massive contribution to the existing region. Low-enthalpy resources are convenient, especially for direct usage applications such as household and greenhouse heating and thermal tourism with today's technology. Direct usage applications have social and economic positive effects via supplying the primary demand of the local communities, such as heating and nourishment. Although geothermal energy is clean and renewable, that causes adverse environmental impacts during drilling or usage stages. Therefore, some criteria should be taken into consideration for the sustainable evaluation of the source. These criteria can be identified within the determined framework of sustainable development goals for each project. In this study, a newly discovered geothermal energy resource at Kırklareli- Asılbeyli Region is investigated for potential applications according to the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It is pointed out the precautions should be taken into consideration from the discovery phase until the end of life for sustainable use of the source.
References
- Altaş, S., 2010, Comparison of Kızılcahamam Geothermal Central Heating System and Classic Central Heating System (In Turkish).Kızılcahamam Jeotermal Merkezi Isıtma Sistemi ile Klasik Merkezi Isıtma Sisteminin Karşılaştırılması, Master's Thesis, Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B. 2016, Smart Energy Europe: The Technical And Economic Impact Of One Potential 100% Renewable Energy Scenario For The European Union. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.60, pp.1634-1653. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.025. DM, 2013., The Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Development, 10th Development Plan (2014-2018) Specialization Commission of Mining Policies, Geothermal Report of Energy Row Materials Development Group. Ankara. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.082 Erdil, A., Erbıyık, H., 2015, “Renewable Energy Sources of Turkey and Assessment of Sustainability”,Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, No: 207, pp. 669-679. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.137 ETKB, 2010, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources 2010-2014 Strategic Development Plan. Ankara. ETKB, 2014, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, National Course of Action for Renewable Energy.Ankara. Retrieved from http://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Bakanlik-Haberleri/Ulusal-Yenilenebilir-Enerji-Eylem-Plani- accessed on: 01.05.2019 ETKB, 2017, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources 2015-2019 Strategic Development Plan. Ankara. Retrieved from https://sp.enerji.gov.tr/sp-2015-2019.html, accessed on: 01.05.2019. Evans, A., Strezov, V., Evans, T. J., 2009, “Assessment of sustainability indicators for renewable energy Technologies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, No: 13(5), p.p. 1082-1088. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2008.03.008. from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/ Hepbasli, A., Canakci, C., 2003, Geothermal district heating applications in Turkey: A case study of Izmir–Balcova. Energy Conversion and Management, 44(8), 1285-1301. doi:10.1016/s0196-8904(02)00121-8 Irena, 2017, Geothermal Power: Technology Brief, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Lee K. C., “Classification of geothermal resources-an engineering approach,” Proceedings Twenty-First Workshop Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. January 22-24, 1996. Melikoglu, M., 2017, “Geothermal energy in Turkey and around the World: A review of the literature and an analysis based on Turkeys Vision 2023 energy targets.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, No: 76, p.p. 485-492. MTA, 2017. Kırklareli-Center Geothermal Exploration Well Drilling Well Report in Turkish Kırklareli-Merkez Jeotermal Araştırma Sondajları Kuyu Bitirme Raporu Turkish General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), November 2017, Retrieved from http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/arastirmalar /jeotermal-enerji-arastirmalari accessed on 14.03.2019. Olabi, A. G., 2014, “100% Sustainable Energy”. Energy, 77, 1-5. doi:10.1016/s1364-0321(18)30766-4 REN21 Secretariat, 2018, Renewables 2018 Global Status Report, Paris. ISBN 978-3-9818911-3-3. Rybach, L., 2007, Geothermal Sustainability. Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin. 28. Santoyo-Castelazo, E., Azapagic, A., 2014, “Sustainability assessment of energy systems: Integrating environmental, economic and social aspects.” Journal of Cleaner Production, No: 80, p.p. 119-138. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.061. Shortall, R., Davidsdottir, B., Axelsson, G., 2015, “A sustainability assessment framework for geothermal energy projects: Development in Iceland, New Zealand and Kenya.”Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, No:50, p.p. 372-407. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.175. UN, 2017., Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A/RES/71/313, Retrieved May 2, 2019, WCED, 1987, Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford University Press, New York, USA Rybach, L. (2007). Geothermal Sustainability. Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin. 28. Yilmaz, E., Kaptan. M.A., 2017, “In Environmental impact of geothermal power plants in Aydın, Turkey.” EEMS 2017, E3S Web of Conferences 19, 02028 doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20171902028
Abstract
Jeotermal enerji, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının en önemlilerinden biri olup, bulunduğu bölgeye doğrudan kullanımla ve/veya dolaylı olarak büyük bir katkı sağlar. Bu kaynağı, konut ve sera ısıtması ve termal turizm gibi doğrudan kullanabilmek için günümüz teknolojisiyle 500C gibi görece düşük entalpili sahalar yeterli olabilmektedir. Doğrudan kullanım uygulamaları bölge halkının ısınma, beslenme gibi temel ihtiyaçları için kritik olabilir. Bu çalışmada Kırklareli’nde Maden Tetkik Arama (MTA) tarafından yapılan jeotermal sondaj araştırmalarının sonucunda açığa çıkan “düşük entalpili” sahanın, potansiyel uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Bölgedeki jeotermal enerji kaynağı gerek yatırımın çok kısa bir zamanda geri dönüş sağlaması, gerekse diğer kaynaklara göre çevreye verilen zararın da görece az olmasıyla Kırklareli için kritik bir kaynak olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ancak, jeotermal enerji temiz ve yenilenebilir olmasına rağmen, uygulamalarının ekonomik ve sosyal olarak olumlu sonuçlarının yanında sondaj esnasında veya sulama uygulamalarındaki çevresel hasar açısından olumsuz etkileri de bulunmaktadır. Bu enerji kaynağının sürdürülebilir olarak değerlendirilmesi için bazı kriterler dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu kriterler her bir proje için belirlenen çerçeve kapsamında sürdürülebilir gelişme hedeflerine uygun hedefler doğrultusunda belirlenebilir. Bu çalışmada Kırklareli’nde bulunan jeotermal enerji potansiyelinin kullanım amaçları doğrultusunda belirlenen sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine katkısı incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre bir jeotermal enerji kaynağının sürdürülebilir olarak kullanılmasının belli hedeflere göre kaynağın keşfinden kullanım ömrü sonuna kadar dikkate alınarak gerekli önlemlerin alınması gerektiğine dikkat çekilmiştir.
References
- Altaş, S., 2010, Comparison of Kızılcahamam Geothermal Central Heating System and Classic Central Heating System (In Turkish).Kızılcahamam Jeotermal Merkezi Isıtma Sistemi ile Klasik Merkezi Isıtma Sisteminin Karşılaştırılması, Master's Thesis, Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B. 2016, Smart Energy Europe: The Technical And Economic Impact Of One Potential 100% Renewable Energy Scenario For The European Union. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.60, pp.1634-1653. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.025. DM, 2013., The Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Development, 10th Development Plan (2014-2018) Specialization Commission of Mining Policies, Geothermal Report of Energy Row Materials Development Group. Ankara. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.082 Erdil, A., Erbıyık, H., 2015, “Renewable Energy Sources of Turkey and Assessment of Sustainability”,Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, No: 207, pp. 669-679. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.137 ETKB, 2010, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources 2010-2014 Strategic Development Plan. Ankara. ETKB, 2014, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, National Course of Action for Renewable Energy.Ankara. Retrieved from http://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Bakanlik-Haberleri/Ulusal-Yenilenebilir-Enerji-Eylem-Plani- accessed on: 01.05.2019 ETKB, 2017, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources 2015-2019 Strategic Development Plan. Ankara. Retrieved from https://sp.enerji.gov.tr/sp-2015-2019.html, accessed on: 01.05.2019. Evans, A., Strezov, V., Evans, T. J., 2009, “Assessment of sustainability indicators for renewable energy Technologies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, No: 13(5), p.p. 1082-1088. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2008.03.008. from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/ Hepbasli, A., Canakci, C., 2003, Geothermal district heating applications in Turkey: A case study of Izmir–Balcova. Energy Conversion and Management, 44(8), 1285-1301. doi:10.1016/s0196-8904(02)00121-8 Irena, 2017, Geothermal Power: Technology Brief, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Lee K. C., “Classification of geothermal resources-an engineering approach,” Proceedings Twenty-First Workshop Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. January 22-24, 1996. Melikoglu, M., 2017, “Geothermal energy in Turkey and around the World: A review of the literature and an analysis based on Turkeys Vision 2023 energy targets.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, No: 76, p.p. 485-492. MTA, 2017. Kırklareli-Center Geothermal Exploration Well Drilling Well Report in Turkish Kırklareli-Merkez Jeotermal Araştırma Sondajları Kuyu Bitirme Raporu Turkish General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), November 2017, Retrieved from http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/arastirmalar /jeotermal-enerji-arastirmalari accessed on 14.03.2019. Olabi, A. G., 2014, “100% Sustainable Energy”. Energy, 77, 1-5. doi:10.1016/s1364-0321(18)30766-4 REN21 Secretariat, 2018, Renewables 2018 Global Status Report, Paris. ISBN 978-3-9818911-3-3. Rybach, L., 2007, Geothermal Sustainability. Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin. 28. Santoyo-Castelazo, E., Azapagic, A., 2014, “Sustainability assessment of energy systems: Integrating environmental, economic and social aspects.” Journal of Cleaner Production, No: 80, p.p. 119-138. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.061. Shortall, R., Davidsdottir, B., Axelsson, G., 2015, “A sustainability assessment framework for geothermal energy projects: Development in Iceland, New Zealand and Kenya.”Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, No:50, p.p. 372-407. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.175. UN, 2017., Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A/RES/71/313, Retrieved May 2, 2019, WCED, 1987, Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford University Press, New York, USA Rybach, L. (2007). Geothermal Sustainability. Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin. 28. Yilmaz, E., Kaptan. M.A., 2017, “In Environmental impact of geothermal power plants in Aydın, Turkey.” EEMS 2017, E3S Web of Conferences 19, 02028 doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20171902028
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 30, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 33 Issue: 1 |