Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures

Basak Gok

doi:10.5281/zenodo.21479590

Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures

Abstract

his study systematically investigates the low-temperature electrochemical degradation, transient open-circuit voltage (OCV) characteristics, and impedance dynamics of commercial NMC pouch cells to establish a robust control foundation for hybrid fuel cell/battery energy management systems. Comprehensive time-domain Pulse tests and frequency-domain Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted across a broad thermal spectrum (-10°C, 0°C, and 25°C). The experimental results demonstrate a critical vulnerability to sub-zero environments, characterized by a capacity contraction from 7.5Ah at room temperature to 7.1Ah at -10°C, accompanied by an order-of-magnitude escalation in internal resistance (R0 surging to 0.082Ω). Crucially, cross-domain OCV tracking revealed a highly stable thermodynamic equilibrium at 0°C with localized deviations restricted to under -0.5%, revealing that low-temperature environments effectively damp high-frequency voltage fluctuations during specific relaxation intervals. Using these multi-temperature datasets, a non-linear 2-RC equivalent circuit model was parameterized and validated within MATLAB/Simulink. The model successfully replicated physical voltage transients and localized Joule heating profiles (1.8°C rise at extreme cold). These high-fidelity parameter maps provide critical boundary constraints for predicting high-frequency electrochemical transients, directly enabling the development of predictive energy management and state-of-health diagnostics in demanding hybrid electric aerospace applications.

Keywords

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Mechanical Engineering (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Basak Gok ^*
0000-0002-4556-2520
Türkiye

Publication Date

July 22, 2026

Submission Date

May 24, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 8, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 3 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21479590

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA62EU43MG

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Gok, B. (2026). Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures. Journal of Energy Trends, 3(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21479590

AMA

1.Gok B. Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures. Journal of Energy Trends. 2026;3(1):28-38. doi:10.5281/zenodo.21479590

Chicago

Gok, Basak. 2026. “Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures”. Journal of Energy Trends 3 (1): 28-38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21479590.

EndNote

Gok B (July 1, 2026) Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures. Journal of Energy Trends 3 1 28–38.

IEEE

[1]B. Gok, “Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures”, Journal of Energy Trends, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 28–38, July 2026, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21479590.

ISNAD

Gok, Basak. “Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures”. Journal of Energy Trends 3/1 (July 1, 2026): 28-38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21479590.

JAMA

1.Gok B. Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures. Journal of Energy Trends. 2026;3:28–38.

MLA

Gok, Basak. “Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures”. Journal of Energy Trends, vol. 3, no. 1, July 2026, pp. 28-38, doi:10.5281/zenodo.21479590.

Vancouver

1.Basak Gok. Electrochemical Characterization and 2-RC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures. Journal of Energy Trends. 2026 Jul. 1;3(1):28-3. doi:10.5281/zenodo.21479590