The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study

Zeynep Öztürk; Sadri Şen

doi:10.5281/zenodo.21479658

The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study

Abstract

This review study investigates the effect of Volumetric Energy Density (VED) on porosity in gyroid structures based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). Ti6Al4V alloy was considered the focal material in this review because of its widespread use in biomedical implant applications, attributed to its high biocompatibility, excellent corrosion resistance, and superior mechanical properties. It is emphasized that VED optimization plays a significantly more critical role in the production of complex lattice structures with thin walls, such as gyroid structures, compared to conventional bulk components. The fundamental principles of the LPBF process, melt pool dynamics, and key process parameters (laser power, scan speed, hatch spacing, and layer thickness) are discussed in detail. By examining LPBF-produced Ti6Al4V components in the literature, it is revealed that insufficient VED values lead to lack-of-fusion porosity, while excessively high VED values result in keyhole-type porosity and thermal stresses. Furthermore, it is stated that the VED parameter must be optimized specifically according to the geometry in order for gyroid structures to achieve the desired mechanical strength, controlled porosity, and osseointegration performance in biomedical implant applications. This review highlights the importance of process optimization in the LPBF manufacturing of complex TPMS structures and provides a comprehensive reference framework for future studies in the field.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Mechanical Engineering (Other)

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Zeynep Öztürk ^*
0009-0005-7030-8670
Türkiye

Sadri Şen
0000-0002-6410-0380
Türkiye

Publication Date

July 22, 2026

Submission Date

June 3, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 14, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 3 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21479658

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA26KR37DY

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Öztürk, Z., & Şen, S. (2026). The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study. Journal of Energy Trends, 3(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21479658

AMA

1.Öztürk Z, Şen S. The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study. Journal of Energy Trends. 2026;3(1):39-50. doi:10.5281/zenodo.21479658

Chicago

Öztürk, Zeynep, and Sadri Şen. 2026. “The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study”. Journal of Energy Trends 3 (1): 39-50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21479658.

EndNote

Öztürk Z, Şen S (July 1, 2026) The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study. Journal of Energy Trends 3 1 39–50.

IEEE

[1]Z. Öztürk and S. Şen, “The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study”, Journal of Energy Trends, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 39–50, July 2026, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21479658.

ISNAD

Öztürk, Zeynep - Şen, Sadri. “The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study”. Journal of Energy Trends 3/1 (July 1, 2026): 39-50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21479658.

JAMA

1.Öztürk Z, Şen S. The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study. Journal of Energy Trends. 2026;3:39–50.

MLA

Öztürk, Zeynep, and Sadri Şen. “The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study”. Journal of Energy Trends, vol. 3, no. 1, July 2026, pp. 39-50, doi:10.5281/zenodo.21479658.

Vancouver

1.Zeynep Öztürk, Sadri Şen. The Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Gyroid Structures Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing: A Review Study. Journal of Energy Trends. 2026 Jul. 1;3(1):39-50. doi:10.5281/zenodo.21479658