Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies

Gamze Kucur

Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies

Abstract

This article examines the importance of sensors used in microgrids for energy management and their impact on system efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. The primary research question addresses the contribution of sensors to the effective management of microgrids and their critical roles in energy production, distribution, and consumption processes. The methodology focuses on the integration of various sensor types with smart energy management systems and the analysis of IoT-based solutions. The article analyzes the role of smart sensors, wireless sensor networks, and IoT-based sensor integrations in optimizing the performance of microgrids. The findings indicate that sensors help maintain the balance between energy production and consumption, reducing energy costs and enhancing system stability. It is particularly highlighted that sensors play a critical role in mitigating the variability of renewable energy sources. In conclusion, it is emphasized that sensor technologies will play a more central role in energy management processes in the future, enhancing energy efficiency and contributing to sustainable energy management. Accordingly, the development and integration of sensors will continue to lead innovation in the energy sector.

Keywords

References

[1] R. Bayindir, E. Hossain, M. A. Mahmud, and I. Colak, "A comprehensive study on microgrid technology," Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. (IJRER), vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1094–1107, 2014.
[2] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, M. Castilla, and L. G. de Vicuña, "Control strategy for flexible microgrid based on parallel line-interactive UPS systems," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 726–736, Mar. 2009.
[3] S. Mishra, M. J. Rana, and S. Sahoo, "Sensor technologies in smart microgrids: State of the art, challenges, and future directions," IEEE Sens. J., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 548–560, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3027427.
[4] M. Parvania and M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, "Demand response scheduling by stochastic SCUC," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 89–98, Jun. 2010.
[5] G. Mirzaeva and D. Miller, "DC and AC microgrids for standalone applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2023.
[6] M. H. Saeed, W. Fangzong, B. A. Kalwar, and S. Iqbal, "A review on microgrids’ challenges & perspectives," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 166502–166517, 2021.
[7] Y. Liu, J. R. Riba, M. Moreno-Eguilaz, and J. Sanllehí, "Analysis of a smart sensor based solution for smart grids real-time dynamic thermal line rating," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 21, p. 7388, 2021.
[8] C. Karthikeyan, V. S. Anitha, and R. S. Sabeenian, "Design and analysis of Hall effect current sensor using COMSOL multiphysics," J. Sens. Sens. Syst., vol. 5, pp. 389–396, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://jsss.copernicus.org/articles/5/389/2016/

[9] M. Shafiq, B. G. Stewart, G. A. Hussain, W. Hassan, M. Choudhary, and I. Palo, "Design and applications of Rogowski coil sensors for power system measurements: A review," Measurement, vol. 203, p. 112014, 2022.
[10] B. Hall, Current Sensing Circuit Concepts and Fundamentals, Texas Instruments, Application Report SBAA464, Mar. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.ti.com/lit/ab/sbaa464/sbaa464.pdf
[11] A. K. Singh, P. Singh, R. Kumar, and R. Yadav, "Energy Management in Smart Grids Using Artificial Intelligence: A Review," Energies, vol. 17, no. 16, p. 4162, Aug. 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/16/4162
[12] M. Yaqoob, A. Lashab, J. C. Vasquez, J. M. Guerrero, M. E. Orchard, and A. D. Bintoudi, "A comprehensive review on small satellite microgrids," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 12741–12762, 2022.
[13] P. Weßkamp and J. Melbert, "High-accuracy current measurement with low-cost shunts by means of dynamic error correction," J. Sens. Sens. Syst., vol. 5, pp. 389–400, 2016, doi: 10.5194/jsss-5-389-2016.
[14] H. Shadfar, M. G. Pashakolaei, and A. A. Foroud, "Solid‐state transformers: An overview of the concept, topology, and its applications in the smart grid," Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 31, no. 9, p. e12996, 2021.
[15] O. Oddbjornsson, P. Kloukinas, T. Gokce, K. Bourne, T. Horseman, L. Dihoru, M. Dietz, R. E. White, A. J. Crewe, and C. A. Taylor, "Design and calibration of a Hall effect system for measurement of six-degree-of-freedom motion within a stacked column," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 11, p. 3740, May 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21113740.
[16] M. M. Costa, M. A. G. Martinez, and J. C. W. A. Costa, "Review of uncertainty sources in optical current sensors used in power systems," Energies, vol. 17, no. 16, p. 4162, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164162
[17] B. Adineh, M. R. Habibi, A. N. Akpolat, and F. Blaabjerg, "Sensorless voltage estimation for total harmonic distortion calculation using artificial neural networks in microgrids," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 2583–2587, 2021.
[18] H. Hu, X. Ma, and Y. Shang, "A novel method for transformer fault diagnosis based on refined deep residual shrinkage network," IET Electr. Power Appl., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 206–223, 2022.
[19] G. Crotti, G. D’Avanzo, C. Landi, P. S. Letizia, and M. Luiso, "Evaluation of voltage transformers’ accuracy in harmonic and interharmonic measurement," IEEE Open J. Instrum. Meas., vol. 1, pp. 1–10, 2022, Art. no. 9000310, doi: 10.1109/OJIM.2022.3198473.
[20] N. Goel, A. Babuta, A. Kumar, and S. Ganguli, "Hall effect instruments, evolution, implications, and future prospects," Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 91, no. 7, 2020.
[21] G. Ma, Y. Wang, W. Qin, H. Zhou, C. Yan, J. Jiang, and Y. Ju, "Optical sensors for power transformer monitoring: A review," High Voltage, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 367–386, 2021.
[22] W. Deng, H. Li, C. Zhang, and P. Wang, "Optimization of detection accuracy of closed-loop optical voltage sensors based on Pockels effect," Sensors, vol. 17, no. 8, p. 1723, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.3390/s17081723.
[23] F. L. Probst, M. Beltle, M. Gerber, S. Tenbohlen, and K. A. Alsdorf, "Using capacitive electric field sensors to measure transient overvoltages: A case study," 2023.
[24] Q. Zhou, W. He, S. Li, and X. Hou, "Research and experiments on a unipolar capacitive voltage sensor," Sensors, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 20678–20697, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.3390/s150820678.
[25] U. Hilleringmann, D. Petrov, I. Mwammenywa, and G. M. Kagarura, "Local power control using wireless sensor system for microgrids in Africa," in 2021 IEEE AFRICON, pp. 1–5, Sept. 2021.
[26] F. Khan, M. A. B. Siddiqui, A. U. Rehman, J. Khan, M. T. S. A. Asad, and A. Asad, "IoT-based power monitoring system for smart grid applications," in 2020 Int. Conf. Eng. Emerging Technol. (ICEET), pp. 1–5, Feb. 2020.
[27] C. Yue, S. Liang, J. Yu, F. Zhou, and M. Lei, "A study on technical specifications of voltage and current measurement apparatuses for 10 kV MVDC systems," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Electr. Eng. Green Energy (CEEGE), Berlin, Germany, Jun. 2022, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.11.052.
[28] S. F. Syeda, M. Crescentini, R. Canegallo, and A. Romani, "A broadband current-mode X-Hall sensor for smart power and metering applications," in 2021 IEEE Int. Conf. Environ. Electr. Eng. and IEEE Ind. and Commercial Power Syst. Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe), pp. 1–6, Sept. 2021.
[29] M. Crescentini, S. F. Syeda, and G. P. Gibiino, "Hall-effect current sensors: Principles of operation and implementation techniques," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 21, no. 21, pp. 15619–15628, Nov. 2021.
[30] W. Zhang, F. Sun, and J. Zhang, "Robust frequency control in interconnected microgrids: An adaptive control approach," IEEE Syst. J., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 2044–2055, 2022.
[31] L. Lu, X. Wu, L. Chen, L. Liu, Y. Li, and X. Wang, "Optical measurement method of non-spherical particle size and concentration based on high-temperature melting technique," Measurement, vol. 198, p. 111375, 2022.
[32] C. R. Baier, J. C. Hernández, and P. Wheeler, "Measurements, predictions, and control in microgrids and power electronic systems," Sensors, vol. 23, no. 8, p. 4038, 2023.
[33] X. Chen, "Constrained application protocol for internet of things," 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.cse.wustl.edu/jain/cse574-14/ftp/coap.
[34] M. Alonso, H. Amaris, and D. Alcala, "Smart sensors for smart grid reliability," Sensors, vol. 20, no. 8, p. 2187, 2020.
[35] Y. Wang, J. Liu, and H. Li, "Integration of speed sensors in microgrid control systems," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 3565–3573, 2018.
[36] F. Syed, S. Patnaik, and J. Li, "IoT-based technologies for wind energy microgrids management and control," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 1540, 2023.
[37] "A review on environmental monitoring and control in microgrid systems," Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., vol. 55, pp. 1–12, 2016.
[38] R. A. L. Rabêlo, N. Kumar, and S. Kozlov, "IoT-enabled gas sensors: Technologies, applications, and opportunities," J. Sens. Actuator Netw., vol. 8, no. 4, p. 57, 2019.
[39] S. Panda, S. Mehlawat, N. Dhariwal, A. Kumar, and A. Sanger, "Comprehensive review on gas sensors: Unveiling recent developments and addressing challenges," Mater. Sci. Eng. B, vol. 308, p. 117616, 2024.
[40] M. M. H. Sifat and S. K. Das, "Proactive and reactive maintenance strategies for self-healing digital twin islanded microgrids using fuzzy logic controllers and machine learning techniques," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2024.
[41] X. Liu, B. Jin, Q. Bai, Y. Wang, D. Wang, and Y. Wang, "Distributed fiber-optic sensors for vibration detection," Sensors, vol. 16, no. 8, p. 1164, 2016.
[42] S. V. Kulkarni, "Operation and control of microgrid in islanded and grid-connected modes of operation," Ph.D. dissertation, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 2022.
[43] B. G. Gorshkov, K. Yüksel, A. A. Fotiadi, M. Wuilpart, D. A. Korobko, A. A. Zhirnov, K. V. Stepanov, A. T. Turov, Y. A. Konstantinov, and I. A. Lobach, "Scientific applications of distributed acoustic sensing: State-of-the-art review and perspective," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 1033, 2022.
[44] Y. Xiao, S. Jiang, P. Liu, Z. Xue, Y. Zhu, J. Yu, and W. Zhang, "Highly sensitive and stable printed pressure sensor with microstructured grid arrays," Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 28, no. 10, p. 105027, 2019.
[45] M. Stopel, "The advantages of digital pressure sensors in industrial applications," Sensata Technologies, May 14, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.sensata.com/sites/default/files/a/sensata-digital-pressure-industrial-apps-whitepaper.pdf.
[46] Y. Xiao, S. Jiang, P. Liu, Z. Xue, Y. Zhu, J. Yu, and W. Zhang, "Highly sensitive and stable printed pressure sensor with microstructured grid arrays," Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 28, no. 10, p. 105027, 2019.
[47] Y. Lin and S. Hsieh, "Piezoelectric sensor applications in dynamic pressure monitoring," Sensors Actuators A: Phys., vol. 309, p. 112015, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2020.112015.
[48] X. Yang, S. Chen, Y. Shi, Z. Fu, and B. Zhou, "A flexible highly sensitive capacitive pressure sensor," Sensors Actuators A: Phys., vol. 324, p. 112629, 2021.
[49] L. Yu and Y. Wang, "Capacitive pressure sensor design for low-power IoT applications," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 11789–11796, 2022, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3171296.
[50] J. M. Portalo, I. González, and A. J. Calderón, "Monitoring system for tracking a PV generator in an experimental smart microgrid: An open-source solution," Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 15, p. 8182, 2021.
[51] L. Zhang, X. Liu, K. Li, D. Du, M. Zheng, Q. Niu, and K. T. Grattan, "Real-time battery temperature monitoring using FBG sensors: A data-driven calibration method," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 22, no. 19, pp. 18639–18648, 2022.
[52] M. Islam et al., "Review of temperature sensors for IoT applications," J. Electron. Mater., vol. 50, pp. 6120–6135, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11664-021-09099-z.
[53] N. Lu et al., "A comparative study of temperature sensors: Thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors," Measurement, vol. 165, p. 108144, 2020.
[54] "Thermal response and error analysis of thermocouples in microgrid environments," Energy Rep., vol. 7, pp. 1782–1790, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.02.069.
[55] G. Liu, H. Meng, G. Qu, L. Wang, L. Ren, and H. Lu, "Real-time monitoring and prediction method of commercial building fire temperature field based on distributed optical fiber sensor temperature measurement system," J. Build. Eng., vol. 70, p. 106403, 2023.
[56] J. Jankovic, L. Šikić, P. Afrić, M. Šilić, Ž. Ilić, H. Pandžić, and M. Džanko, "Empirical study: IoT-based microgrid," in 2020 3rd Int. Colloq. Intell. Grid Metrol. (SMAGRIMET), pp. 1–6, Oct. 2020.
[57] C. A. Marino, F. Chinelato, and M. Marufuzzaman, "AWS IoT analytics platform for microgrid operation management," Comput. Ind. Eng., vol. 170, p. 108331, 2022.
[58] P. Borra, "A survey of Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Features, services, and applications," Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Commun. Technol. (IJARSCT), vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 191–199, 2024.
[59] E. Bionda, F. Soldan, M. Cabiati, and L. Martini, "The Smart Grids Innovation Accelerator–SGIA: An international open platform to boost smart grids innovation through knowledge sharing," in 2022 AEIT Int. Annu. Conf. (AEIT), pp. 1–6, Oct. 2022.
[60] A. Kondoro, I. B. Dhaou, H. Tenhunen, and N. Mvungi, "Real-time performance analysis of secure IoT protocols for microgrid communication," Future Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 116, pp. 1–12, 2021.
[61] F. Viel, L. Augusto Silva, V. R. Q. Leithardt, J. F. De Paz Santana, R. C. Ghizoni Teive, and C. Albenes Zeferino, "An efficient interface for the integration of IoT devices with smart grids," Sensors, vol. 20, no. 10, p. 2849, 2020.
[62] J. Koch, "Modeling and simulation of Internet of Things infrastructures for cyber-physical energy systems," Ph.D. dissertation, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, 2024.
[63] I. Serban, S. Cespedes, C. Marinescu, C. A. Azurdia-Meza, J. S. Gómez, and D. S. Hueichapan, "Communication requirements in microgrids: A practical survey," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 47694–47712, 2020.
[64] C. Ndukwe, T. Iqbal, X. Liang, J. Khan, and L. O. Aghenta, "LoRa-based communication system for data transfer in microgrids," AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 303–325, 2020.
[65] A. Kondoro, "Internet-of-Things-based communication in microgrids," in IoT Enabled-DC Microgrids: Architecture, Algorithms, Applications, and Technologies, p. 29, 2024.
[66] M. H. Elkholy, M. Elymany, H. Metwally, M. A. Farahat, T. Senjyu, and M. E. Lotfy, "Design and implementation of a real-time energy management system for an isolated microgrid: Experimental validation," Appl. Energy, vol. 327, p. 120105, 2022.
[67] W. Su and Y. Shi, "Distributed energy sharing algorithm for microgrid energy system based on cloud computing," IET Smart Cities, 2023.
[68] K. A. A. Sumarmad, N. Sulaiman, N. I. A. Wahab, and H. Hizam, "Microgrid energy management system based on fuzzy logic and monitoring platform for data analysis," Energies, vol. 15, no. 11, p. 4125, 2022.
[69] N. Bazmohammadi, A. Madary, J. C. Vasquez, H. B. Mohammadi, B. Khan, Y. Wu, and J. M. Guerrero, "Microgrid digital twins: Concepts, applications, and future trends," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 2284–2302, 2021. [70] A. Alsalemi, A. Amira, H. Malekmohamadi, K. Diao, and F. Bensaali, "Energy data lakes: An edge Internet of Energy approach," in Emerging Real-World Applications of Internet of Things, pp. 21–40, CRC Press, 2022.
[71] E. M. U. N. Ekanayake, "Use of data analytics in microgrids: A survey of techniques," in 2020 3rd Int. Conf. Power Energy Appl. (ICPEA), pp. 103–107, Oct. 2020.
[72] O. A. Beg, A. A. Khan, W. U. Rehman, and A. Hassan, "A review of AI-based cyber-attack detection and mitigation in microgrids," Energies, vol. 16, no. 22, p. 7644, 2023.
[73] S. Rahman Fahim, S. K. Sarker, S. M. Muyeen, M. R. I. Sheikh, and S. K. Das, "Microgrid fault detection and classification: Machine learning based approach, comparison, and reviews," Energies, vol. 13, no. 13, p. 3460, 2020.
[74] J. Liu, Y. Du, S. I. Yim, X. Lu, B. Chen, and F. Qiu, "Steady-state analysis of microgrid distributed control under denial of service attacks," IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 5311–5325, 2020.
[75] B. Canaan, B. Colicchio, and D. Ould Abdeslam, "Microgrid cyber-security: Review and challenges toward resilience," Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no. 16, p. 5649, 2020.
[76] S. Sahoo, F. Blaabjerg, and T. Dragicevic, Cyber Security for Microgrids, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2022.
[77] X. Luo, K. Xue, J. Xu, Q. Sun, and Y. Zhang, "Blockchain based secure data aggregation and distributed power dispatching for microgrids," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 5268–5279, 2021.
[78] T. Wu and J. Wang, "Artificial intelligence for operation and control: The case of microgrids," The Electricity J., vol. 34, no. 1, p. 106890, 2021.
[79] W. Chen, L. Liu, and G. P. Liu, "Privacy-preserving distributed economic dispatch of microgrids: A dynamic quantization-based consensus scheme with homomorphic encryption," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 701–713, 2022.
[80] D. Zhao, C. Zhang, X. Cao, C. Peng, B. Sun, K. Li, and Y. Li, "Differential privacy energy management for islanded microgrids with distributed consensus-based ADMM algorithm," IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1018–1031, 2022.
[81] Q. Wang, J. Zhang, M. Lei, H. Li, K. Peng, and M. Hu, "Towards wide area remote sensor calibrations: Applications and approaches," IEEE Sensors J., 2024.
[82] V. K. Jain and G. H. Chapman, "Fault tolerance for islandable-microgrid sensors," in 2021 IEEE Int. Symp. Defect Fault Tolerance VLSI Nanotechnol. Syst. (DFT), pp. 1–4, Oct. 2021.
[83] M. Soleymannejad, D. Sadrian Zadeh, B. Moshiri, E. N. Sadjadi, J. G. Herrero, and J. M. M. López, "State estimation fusion for linear microgrids over an unreliable network," Energies, vol. 15, no. 6, p. 2288, 2022.
[84] M. Hosseinzadeh and F. Rajaei Salmasi, "Islanding fault detection in microgrids—A survey," Energies, vol. 13, no. 13, p. 3479, 2020.
[85] Q. Wang, J. Zhang, M. Lei, H. Li, K. Peng, and M. Hu, "Towards wide area remote sensor calibrations: Applications and approaches," IEEE Sensors J., 2024.
[86] A. Hoke, V. Gevorgian, S. Shah, P. Koralewicz, R. W. Kenyon, and B. Kroposki, "Island power systems with high levels of inverter-based resources: Stability and reliability challenges," IEEE Electrification Mag., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 74–91, 2021.
[87] S. Mishra, T. Kwasnik, K. Anderson, and R. Wood, "Microgrid’s role in enhancing the security and flexibility of city energy systems," in Flexible Resources for Smart Cities, pp. 67–94, 2021.
[88] S. K. Mumbere, A. Fukuhara, Y. Sasaki, A. Bedawy, Y. Zoka, and N. Yorino, "Development of an energy management system tool for disaster resilience in islanded microgrid networks," in 2021 20th Int. Symp. Commun. Inf. Technol. (ISCIT), pp. 97–100, Oct. 2021.
[89] J. Mei, C. Lee, and J. L. Kirtley, "An adaptive random forest model for predicting demands and solar power of a real integrated energy system," Authorea Preprints, 2023.
[90] M. Schultz, "Powering irrigation with renewables," Irrigation Australia: The Official Journal of Irrigation Australia, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 44–45, 2022.
[91] A. Banerjee, V. U. Pawaskar, G. S. Seo, A. Pandey, U. R. Pailla, X. Wu, and U. Muenz, "Autonomous restoration of networked microgrids using communication-free smart sensing and protection units," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1076-1087, 2023.
[92] S. Khan, D. Paul, P. Momtahan, and M. Aloqaily, "Artificial intelligence framework for smart city microgrids: State of the art, challenges, and opportunities," in 2018 Third International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC), pp. 283-288, Apr. 2018.
[93] K. R. Khan, A. Rahman, A. Nadeem, M. S. Siddiqui, and R. A. Khan, "Remote monitoring and control of microgrid using smart sensor network and internet of thing," in 2018 1st International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS), pp. 1-4, Apr. 2018.
[94] N. T. Mbungu, A. A. Ismail, M. AlShabi, R. C. Bansal, A. Elnady, and A. K. Hamid, "Control and estimation techniques applied to smart microgrids: A review," Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 179, p. 113251, 2023.
[95] K. R. Khan, M. S. Siddiqui, Y. Al Saawy, N. Islam, and A. Rahman, "Condition monitoring of a campus microgrid elements using smart sensors," Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 163, pp. 109-116, 2019.
[96] M. Fotopoulou, D. Rakopoulos, and S. Petridis, "Decision Support System for Emergencies in Microgrids," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 23, p. 9457, 2022.
[97] A. Vaccaro, M. Popov, D. Villacci, and V. Terzija, "An integrated framework for smart microgrids modeling, monitoring, control, communication, and verification," Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 119-132, 2010.
[98] H. Wu and M. Shahidehpour, "Applications of wireless sensor networks for area coverage in microgrids," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1590-1598, 2018.
[99] U. Hilleringmann, D. Petrov, I. Mwammenywa, and G. M. Kagarura, "Local Power Control using Wireless Sensor System for Microgrids in Africa," in 2021 IEEE AFRICON, pp. 1-5, Sept. 2021.
[100] R. Majumder, G. Bag, and K. H. Kim, "Power sharing and control in distributed generation with wireless sensor networks," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 618-634, 2012.
[101] J. A. Khan, H. K. Qureshi, and A. Iqbal, "Energy management in wireless sensor networks: A survey," Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 41, pp. 159-176, 2015.
[102] D. Kandris, C. Nakas, D. Vomvas, and G. Koulouras, "Applications of wireless sensor networks: an up-to-date survey," Appl. Syst. Innov., vol. 3, no. 1, p. 14, 2020.
[103] S. K. Rathor and D. Saxena, "Energy management system for smart grid: An overview and key issues," Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 4067-4109, 2020.
[104] A. H. Abdulwahid, "Power grid surveillance and control based on wireless sensor network technologies: Review and future directions," in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1773, no. 1, p. 012004, IOP Publishing, Feb. 2021.
[105] K. Taghizad-Tavana, M. Ghanbari-Ghalehjoughi, N. Razzaghi-Asl, S. Nojavan, and A. A. Alizadeh, "An overview of the architecture of home energy management system as microgrids, automation systems, communication protocols, security, and cyber challenges," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 23, p. 15938, 2022.
[106] M. H. Saeed, W. Fangzong, B. A. Kalwar, and S. Iqbal, "A review on microgrids’ challenges & perspectives," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 166502-166517, 2021.
[107] D. Gutierrez-Rojas, P. H. J. Nardelli, G. Mendes, and P. Popovski, "Review of the state of the art on adaptive protection for microgrids based on communications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1539-1552, 2020.
[108] I. Serban, S. Cespedes, C. Marinescu, C. A. Azurdia-Meza, J. S. Gómez, and D. S. Hueichapan, "Communication requirements in microgrids: A practical survey," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 47694-47712, 2020.
[109] F. Nejabatkhah, Y. W. Li, H. Liang, and R. Reza Ahrabi, "Cyber-security of smart microgrids: A survey," Energies, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 27, 2020.
[110] A. Kavousi-Fard, W. Su, and T. Jin, "A machine-learning-based cyber attack detection model for wireless sensor networks in microgrids," IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 650-658, 2020.
[111] A. J. Albarakati, Y. Boujoudar, M. Azeroual, L. Eliysaouy, H. Kotb, A. Aljarbouh, and A. Pupkov, "Microgrid energy management and monitoring systems: A comprehensive review," Front. Energy Res., vol. 10, p. 1097858, 2022.
[112] R. Sitharthan, S. Vimal, A. Verma, M. Karthikeyan, S. S. Dhanabalan, N. Prabaharan, and T. Eswaran, "Smart microgrid with the internet of things for adequate energy management and analysis," Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 106, p. 108556, 2023.
[113] P. Di Palma, A. Collin, F. De Caro, and A. Vaccaro, "The Role of Fiber Optic Sensors for Enhancing Power System Situational Awareness: A Review," Smart Grids Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 2, 2023.
[114] Y. Elsayed and H. A. Gabbar, "FBG sensing technology for an enhanced microgrid performance," Energies, vol. 15, no. 24, p. 9273, 2022.
[115] V. M. Emelyanov, E. D. Filimonov, S. A. Kozhuhovskaya, and M. Z. Shvarts, "Photovoltaic optical sensors for high-power conversion and information transmission," in Optical Sensors 2017, vol. 10231, pp. 215-226, SPIE, May 2017.
[116] N. Kumari, A. Sharma, B. Tran, N. Chilamkurti, and D. Alahakoon, "A comprehensive review of digital twin technology for grid-connected microgrid systems: State of the art, potential and challenges faced," Energies, vol. 16, no. 14, p. 5525, 2023.
[117] V. A. Jiménez, D. F. Lizondo, P. B. Araujo, and A. L. Will, "A conceptual microgrid management framework based on adaptive and autonomous multi-agent systems," J. Comput. Sci. Technol., vol. 22, 2022.
[118] M. Grossi, "Energy harvesting strategies for wireless sensor networks and mobile devices: A review," Electronics, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 661, 2021

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Energy

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Gamze Kucur ^*
0000-0002-8092-1998
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 30, 2025

Submission Date

December 8, 2024

Acceptance Date

June 30, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 6 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA99EJ84NP

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Kucur, G. (2025). Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies. Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6(1), 11-29. https://izlik.org/JA99EJ84NP

AMA

1.Kucur G. Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies. JETECH. 2025;6(1):11-29. https://izlik.org/JA99EJ84NP

Chicago

Kucur, Gamze. 2025. “Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies”. Journal of Engineering and Technology 6 (1): 11-29. https://izlik.org/JA99EJ84NP.

EndNote

Kucur G (June 1, 2025) Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies. Journal of Engineering and Technology 6 1 11–29.

IEEE

[1]G. Kucur, “Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies”, JETECH, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 11–29, June 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA99EJ84NP

ISNAD

Kucur, Gamze. “Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies”. Journal of Engineering and Technology 6/1 (June 1, 2025): 11-29. https://izlik.org/JA99EJ84NP.

JAMA

1.Kucur G. Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies. JETECH. 2025;6:11–29.

MLA

Kucur, Gamze. “Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies”. Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 6, no. 1, June 2025, pp. 11-29, https://izlik.org/JA99EJ84NP.

Vancouver

1.Gamze Kucur. Sensors in Microgrids and IoT Technologies. JETECH [Internet]. 2025 Jun. 1;6(1):11-29. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA99EJ84NP