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Tökezleme sonrası toparlama sürecinde uygulanan yükseltme ve alçaltma stratejilerinin öngörücü benzetimleri

Year 2026, Volume: 13 Issue: 1 , 57 - 66 , 16.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.15437/jetr.1649620
https://izlik.org/JA49YE38EB

Abstract

Amaç: Düşme riski, yaşlılar ve dengeyi etkileyen nöromüsküler bozuklukları olan hastalar başta olmak üzere pek çok bireyin karşı karşıya olduğu bir durumdur. Tökezleme sonrası etkili toparlama stratejilerinin rehabilitasyon programlarına dahil edilmesi ile bu risk azaltılabilir. Ancak bu stratejilerin deneysel yöntemlerle incelenmesi, yaralanma riski ve harekette ortaya çıkabilecek kısıtlılıklar nedeniyle zordur. Bu zorlukları gidermek için, bu çalışma, öngörücü nöromekanik simülasyonlar kullanarak insanların anterior yönlü pertürbasyonlar sonrası ürettiği toparlanma hareketini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Basitleştirilmiş bir kas-iskelet modeli ve refleks tabanlı bir sinirsel denetleyici kullanılarak, erken (%20) ve geç (%60) salınım fazlarında meydana gelen pertürbasyonlara yönelik iki ayrı senaryonun simülasyonu gerçekleştirildi. Salınım fazındaki kalça, diz ve ayak bileği bilek eklem açıları tökezleme sonrası kurtarma hareketiyle benzerlik açısından analiz edildi. Ayrıca, pertürbasyonun ardından salınım fazındaki bacağın ayak parmağının izlediği yörünge takip edilerek modelin kullandığı kurtarma stratejileri belirlendi.
Bulgular: Erken salınım fazında uygulanan pertürbasyon, engeli aşmak için kalça ve diz fleksiyonunda artış ile karakterize bir yükseltme stratejisi ortaya çıkarırken, geç salınım fazında uygulanan pertürbasyon, dengeyi yeniden sağlamak amacıyla salınım fazındaki ayağın hızla yere indirilmesi ile karakterize bir alçaltma stratejisini tetikledi. Özellikle ayak bileği dorsifleksiyonunda ve salınım fazı süresinde deneysel verilerden küçük sapmalar gözlendi.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, öngörücü nöromekanik simülasyonların tökezleme sonrası doğal kurtarma hareketini analiz etmedeki etkinliğini vurgulamaktadır. Gerçekleştirilen simülasyonlar, tökezleme sonrası ana toparlanma mekanizmalarını başarılı bir şekilde taklit etmiştir. Öngörücü benzetimlerle elde edilen verilerin rehabilitasyon programlarının geliştirilmesinde, yardımcı cihaz tasarımlarında ve mobiliteyi artırarak yaralanma riskini azaltmayı amaçlayan düşmeyi önleyici stratejilerin geliştirilmesinde önemli bir potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Falls: World Health Organization; 2021. [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls.]
  • Homann B, Plaschg A, Grundner M, et al. The impact of neurological disorders on the risk for falls in the community dwelling elderly: a case-controlled study. BMJ. 2013:3;e003367.
  • Whitney DG, Dutt-Mazumder A, Peterson MD, et al. Fall risk in stroke survivors: Effects of stroke plus dementia and reduced motor functional capacity. J Neurol Sci. 2019:401;95-100.
  • Peel NM. Epidemiology of falls in older age. Can J Aging. 2011:30;7-19.
  • Vieira ER, Palmer RC, Chaves PH. Prevention of falls in older people living in the community. BMJ. 2016:353;i1419.
  • Sadowski CA. Prevention of falls in older adults. Can Pharm J. 2011:144;17-18.
  • Khow KS, Visvanathan R. Falls in the aging population. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017:33;357-368.
  • Nascimento MdM. An overview of fall risk factors, assessment measures and interventions in older adults. Geriatr. Gerontol. Aging. 2018:12;219-224.
  • Rubenstein LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing. 2006:35;37-41.
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  • Eng JJ, Winter DA, Patla AE. Strategies for recovery from a trip in early and late swing during human walking. Exp Brain Res. 1994:102;339-349.
  • Schillings AM, van Wezel BM, Mulder T, et al. Muscular responses and movement strategies during stumbling over obstacles. J Neurophysiol. 2000:83;2093-2102.
  • De Groote F, Falisse A. Perspective on musculoskeletal modelling and predictive simulations of human movement to assess the neuromechanics of gait. Proc Biol Sci. 2021:288;20202432.
  • Falisse A, Pitto L, Kainz H, et al. Physics-Based Simulations to Predict the Differential Effects of Motor Control and Musculoskeletal Deficits on Gait Dysfunction in Cerebral Palsy: A Retrospective Case Study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14.
  • Febrer-Nafría M, Nasr A, Ezati M, et al. Predictive multibody dynamic simulation of human neuromusculoskeletal systems: a review. Multibody Syst Dyn. 2022:58;299-339.
  • Handford ML, Srinivasan M. Robotic lower limb prosthesis design through simultaneous computer optimizations of human and prosthesis costs. Sci Rep. 2016:6;19983.
  • Veerkamp K, Waterval NFJ, Geijtenbeek T, et al. Evaluating cost function criteria in predicting healthy gait. J Biomech. 2021:123;110530.
  • Geijtenbeek T. Scone: Open source software for predictive simulation of biological motion. J. Open Source Softw. 2019:4;1421.
  • Delp SL, Anderson FC, Arnold AS, et al. OpenSim: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2007:5;1940-1950.
  • Delp SL, Loan JP, Hoy et al. An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1990:37;757-767.
  • Grabiner MD, Feuerbach JW, Jahnigen DW. Measures of paraspinal muscle performance do not predict initial trunk kinematics after tripping. J Biomech. 1996:29;735-744.
  • Geyer H, Herr H. A muscle-reflex model that encodes principles of legged mechanics produces human walking dynamics and muscle activities. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2010:18;263-273.
  • Pijnappels M, Bobbert MF, van Dieen JH. Contribution of the support limb in control of angular momentum after tripping. J Biomech. 2004:37;1811-1818.
  • Zhou X, Draganich LF, Amirouche F. A dynamic model for simulating a trip and fall during gait. Med Eng Phys. 2002:24;121-127.
  • Forner-Cordero A, Ackermann M, de Lima Freitas M, editors. A method to simulate motor control strategies to recover from perturbations: Application to a stumble recovery during gait. In: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;7829-7832.
  • Shirota C, Simon AM, Kuiken TA. Trip recovery strategies following perturbations of variable duration. J Biomech. 2014:47;2679-2684.

Predictive simulations of elevating and lowering strategies in human stumble recovery

Year 2026, Volume: 13 Issue: 1 , 57 - 66 , 16.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.15437/jetr.1649620
https://izlik.org/JA49YE38EB

Abstract

Purpose: Older adults and individuals with neuromuscular impairments face a high risk of falls, which can be mitigated by identifying effective stumble recovery strategies for rehabilitation. Studying stumble recovery through empirical methods is challenging due to injury risks and constraints on natural movement, whereas predictive neuromechanical simulations offer a viable alternative. This study aimed to use a musculoskeletal model within a predictive simulation framework to analyze human stumble recovery following anteriorly directed perturbations.
Methods: Using a simplified musculoskeletal model and a reflex-based neural controller, two different scenarios for perturbations occurring in the early (20%) and late (60%) swing phases were simulated. The kinematics of the swing leg, including hip, knee, and ankle joint angles were analyzed for similarity to real human stumble recovery. Additionally, recovery strategies were identified by tracking the swing leg’s toe trajectory following perturbation.
Results: Early swing perturbations elicited an elevating strategy, increasing hip and knee flexion to clear the obstacle, while late swing perturbations triggered a lowering strategy, rapidly placing the foot to restore stability. Minor deviations from experimental data were observed, particularly in ankle dorsiflexion and swing phase duration.
Conclusion: This study highlights the effectiveness of predictive neuromechanical simulations in analyzing stumble recovery. The framework successfully replicated key recovery mechanisms, demonstrating its potential for rehabilitation, assistive device design, and fall prevention strategies aimed at enhancing mobility and reducing injury risk in vulnerable populations.

References

  • Falls: World Health Organization; 2021. [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls.]
  • Homann B, Plaschg A, Grundner M, et al. The impact of neurological disorders on the risk for falls in the community dwelling elderly: a case-controlled study. BMJ. 2013:3;e003367.
  • Whitney DG, Dutt-Mazumder A, Peterson MD, et al. Fall risk in stroke survivors: Effects of stroke plus dementia and reduced motor functional capacity. J Neurol Sci. 2019:401;95-100.
  • Peel NM. Epidemiology of falls in older age. Can J Aging. 2011:30;7-19.
  • Vieira ER, Palmer RC, Chaves PH. Prevention of falls in older people living in the community. BMJ. 2016:353;i1419.
  • Sadowski CA. Prevention of falls in older adults. Can Pharm J. 2011:144;17-18.
  • Khow KS, Visvanathan R. Falls in the aging population. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017:33;357-368.
  • Nascimento MdM. An overview of fall risk factors, assessment measures and interventions in older adults. Geriatr. Gerontol. Aging. 2018:12;219-224.
  • Rubenstein LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing. 2006:35;37-41.
  • Sturnieks DL. Biomechanics of balance and falling. Falls in older people: Risk factors, strategies for prevention and implications for practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2021.
  • Park J, Choi J, Choi WJ. Understanding the biomechanical factors related to successful balance recovery and falls: a literature review. Phys Ther Korea. 2023:30;78-85.
  • Eng JJ, Winter DA, Patla AE. Strategies for recovery from a trip in early and late swing during human walking. Exp Brain Res. 1994:102;339-349.
  • Schillings AM, van Wezel BM, Mulder T, et al. Muscular responses and movement strategies during stumbling over obstacles. J Neurophysiol. 2000:83;2093-2102.
  • De Groote F, Falisse A. Perspective on musculoskeletal modelling and predictive simulations of human movement to assess the neuromechanics of gait. Proc Biol Sci. 2021:288;20202432.
  • Falisse A, Pitto L, Kainz H, et al. Physics-Based Simulations to Predict the Differential Effects of Motor Control and Musculoskeletal Deficits on Gait Dysfunction in Cerebral Palsy: A Retrospective Case Study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14.
  • Febrer-Nafría M, Nasr A, Ezati M, et al. Predictive multibody dynamic simulation of human neuromusculoskeletal systems: a review. Multibody Syst Dyn. 2022:58;299-339.
  • Handford ML, Srinivasan M. Robotic lower limb prosthesis design through simultaneous computer optimizations of human and prosthesis costs. Sci Rep. 2016:6;19983.
  • Veerkamp K, Waterval NFJ, Geijtenbeek T, et al. Evaluating cost function criteria in predicting healthy gait. J Biomech. 2021:123;110530.
  • Geijtenbeek T. Scone: Open source software for predictive simulation of biological motion. J. Open Source Softw. 2019:4;1421.
  • Delp SL, Anderson FC, Arnold AS, et al. OpenSim: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2007:5;1940-1950.
  • Delp SL, Loan JP, Hoy et al. An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1990:37;757-767.
  • Grabiner MD, Feuerbach JW, Jahnigen DW. Measures of paraspinal muscle performance do not predict initial trunk kinematics after tripping. J Biomech. 1996:29;735-744.
  • Geyer H, Herr H. A muscle-reflex model that encodes principles of legged mechanics produces human walking dynamics and muscle activities. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2010:18;263-273.
  • Pijnappels M, Bobbert MF, van Dieen JH. Contribution of the support limb in control of angular momentum after tripping. J Biomech. 2004:37;1811-1818.
  • Zhou X, Draganich LF, Amirouche F. A dynamic model for simulating a trip and fall during gait. Med Eng Phys. 2002:24;121-127.
  • Forner-Cordero A, Ackermann M, de Lima Freitas M, editors. A method to simulate motor control strategies to recover from perturbations: Application to a stumble recovery during gait. In: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;7829-7832.
  • Shirota C, Simon AM, Kuiken TA. Trip recovery strategies following perturbations of variable duration. J Biomech. 2014:47;2679-2684.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physiotherapy, Implementation Science and Evaluation
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Oğuz Faik Seven 0000-0001-9920-1571

Metin Bicer 0000-0002-9491-2080

Mehmet Arif Adlı 0000-0002-3223-064X

Submission Date March 2, 2025
Acceptance Date May 20, 2025
Publication Date April 16, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.15437/jetr.1649620
IZ https://izlik.org/JA49YE38EB
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver 1.Oğuz Faik Seven, Metin Bicer, Mehmet Arif Adlı. Predictive simulations of elevating and lowering strategies in human stumble recovery. Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation. 2026 Apr. 1;13(1):57-66. doi:10.15437/jetr.1649620