Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

60 -72 Aylık Çocuklar İçin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği’nin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 1 - 19, 02.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.1601181

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 60-72 aylık çocuklar için psikolojik dayanıklılığı ölçen bir ölçme aracı geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Giriş bölümünde, çocukların karşılaştığı çevresel olumsuzlukların onların sosyal ve duygusal gelişimlerine zarar verebileceği ve psikolojik dayanıklılığın, çocukların bu zorluklara karşı direnç göstermesini sağladığı vurgulanmaktadır. Psikolojik dayanıklılığın bireyin karşılaştığı olumsuzluklara rağmen sağlıklı bir gelişim gösterebilme yeteneği olduğu belirtilmiş ve bu kavramın çeşitli tanımları üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırmanın yöntemi ise, nicel araştırma yöntemine dayanan bir ölçek geliştirme çalışmasıdır. Çalışma grubu, Çanakkale'deki bağımsız anaokullarında eğitim gören 60-72 aylık 363 çocuktan oluşmaktadır. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde, kapsam geçerliği sağlamak amacıyla uzman görüşlerine başvurulmuş ve elde edilen veriler üzerinden Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Geçerlik ile güvenirlik çalışmaları sonucunda ölçek, araştırmacılar, öğretmenler ve ebeveynler için çocukların psikolojik dayanıklılığını ölçmek üzere kullanılabilecek, 26 maddelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek ortaya konmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda 60-72 ay aralığındaki okul öncesi dönem çocuklarına yönelik 5 faktörlü 26 maddeden oluşan geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracının alana kazandırıldığı ifade edilebilir. Çalışmanın, bu alanda yapılacak diğer araştırmalara katkı sağlayacağı ve erken çocukluk döneminde psikolojik dayanıklılığı ölçmek için önemli bir ölçme aracı olduğu düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Alvord, M. K., & Grados, J. J. (2005). Enhancing resilience in children: A proactive approach. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(3), 238-245.https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.238
  • Brooks, R. (2006). The power of resilience: Achieving balance, confidence, and personal strength in your life. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Eğitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 32(4), 470-485. 10.14527/517
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (24th ed) Ankara. Pegem.
  • Chmitorz, A., Kunzler, A., Helmreich, I., Tüscher, O., Kalisch, R., Kubiak, T., & Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2018). Intervention studies to foster resilience—A systematic review and proposal for a resilience framework in future intervention studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 78–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.002
  • Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 399–419. 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Ginsburg, K. R., & Jablow, M. M. (2015). Building resilience in children and teens: Giving kids roots and wings (3rd ed.) American Academy of Pediatrics.
  • Goldstein, S., & Brooks, R. B. (2012). Handbook of resilience in children. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Hamilton, M., & Redmond, G. (2010). Conceptualisation of social and emotional well-being for children and young people, and policy implications: A research report for the Australian research alliance for children and youth and the Australian institute of health and welfare. Sydney, NSW: Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales.
  • Hoge, E. A., Austin, E. D., & Pollack, M. H. (2007). Resilience: Research evidence and conceptual considerations for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20175 Jones, S. M., & Brown, J. L. (2020). The importance of emotional development in young children: A case for the evidence-based emotional curricula. Child Development Perspectives, 14(4), 253-259.
  • Kalisch, R., Baker, D., Basten, U., Boks, M., Bonanno, P., Brummelman, G. A., ... Kleim, B. (2017). The resilience framework as a strategy to combat stress-related disorders. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(11), 784–790. 10.1038/s41562-017-0200-8
  • Kılıç, S. (2016). Cronbachs alpha reliability coefficient. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 6 (1), 47. 10.5455/jmood.20160307122823
  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
  • Masten, A. S. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19(3), 921-930. 10.1017/S0954579407000442
  • Masten, A. S. (2011). Resilience in children threatened by extreme adversity: Frameworks for research, practice, and translational synergy. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000198
  • Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205–220. 10.1037//0003-066x.53.2.205
  • Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1991). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425-444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005812
  • Naglieri, J. A., & LeBuffle, P. A. (2005). Measuring resilience in children. In S. Goldstein, & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 39–56). New York, Springer.
  • Panter-Brick, C., & Leckman, J. F. (2013). Resilience in child development-Interconnected pathways to wellbeing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 333-336. 10.1111/jcpp.12057
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23–74. http://www.mpr-online.de
  • Sun, J., & Stewart, D. (2007). Development of population-based resilience measures in the primary school setting. Health Education, 107(6), 575-599. 10.1108/09654280710827957
  • Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
  • TÜİK (2016). Aile Yapısı Araştırması. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • TÜİK (2016). Türkiye Çocuk Araştırması. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • TÜİK. (2022). Ölüm istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • UNICEF (2023). Dünya Çocuklarının Durumu Raporu. Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuklara Yardım Fonu.
  • UNICEF. (2010). Türkiye’deki çocukların durumu. Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuklara Yardım Fonu.
  • Wright, M. O. D., Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2013). Resilience processes in development: Four waves of research on positive adaptation in the context of adversity. S. Goldstein, & R. B. Brooks (Ed.), Handbook of Resilience in Children (2nd ed., pp. 15-37). New York, Springer.
  • Zolkoski, S. M. & Bullock, L. M. (2012). Resilience in children and youth: a review. Children and Youth Servises Review, 34, 2295-2303. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.08.009

Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 1 - 19, 02.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.1601181

Abstract

This study aims to develop a scale to measure psychological resilience in children aged 60-72 months. The introduction highlights that environmental adversities faced by children can negatively impact their social and emotional development, and psychological resilience enables children to resist these challenges. Psychological resilience is defined as the ability of an individual to maintain healthy development despite encountering difficulties, and various definitions of this concept are discussed. The research methodology is based on a quantitative research approach focusing on scale development. The study group consists of 363 children aged 60-72 months attending independent preschools in Çanakkale. In the scale development process, expert opinions were sought to ensure content validity, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted on the collected data. As a result of the validity and reliability studies, a 26-item valid and reliable scale was developed for researchers, teachers, and parents to measure children's psychological resilience. The study resulted in the development of a valid and reliable 26-item, 5-factor scale designed for preschool children aged 60-72 months, contributing to the field. The study is expected to contribute to further research in this field and provide an important tool for measuring psychological resilience in early childhood.

References

  • Alvord, M. K., & Grados, J. J. (2005). Enhancing resilience in children: A proactive approach. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(3), 238-245.https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.238
  • Brooks, R. (2006). The power of resilience: Achieving balance, confidence, and personal strength in your life. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Eğitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 32(4), 470-485. 10.14527/517
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (24th ed) Ankara. Pegem.
  • Chmitorz, A., Kunzler, A., Helmreich, I., Tüscher, O., Kalisch, R., Kubiak, T., & Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2018). Intervention studies to foster resilience—A systematic review and proposal for a resilience framework in future intervention studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 78–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.002
  • Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 399–419. 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Ginsburg, K. R., & Jablow, M. M. (2015). Building resilience in children and teens: Giving kids roots and wings (3rd ed.) American Academy of Pediatrics.
  • Goldstein, S., & Brooks, R. B. (2012). Handbook of resilience in children. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Hamilton, M., & Redmond, G. (2010). Conceptualisation of social and emotional well-being for children and young people, and policy implications: A research report for the Australian research alliance for children and youth and the Australian institute of health and welfare. Sydney, NSW: Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales.
  • Hoge, E. A., Austin, E. D., & Pollack, M. H. (2007). Resilience: Research evidence and conceptual considerations for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20175 Jones, S. M., & Brown, J. L. (2020). The importance of emotional development in young children: A case for the evidence-based emotional curricula. Child Development Perspectives, 14(4), 253-259.
  • Kalisch, R., Baker, D., Basten, U., Boks, M., Bonanno, P., Brummelman, G. A., ... Kleim, B. (2017). The resilience framework as a strategy to combat stress-related disorders. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(11), 784–790. 10.1038/s41562-017-0200-8
  • Kılıç, S. (2016). Cronbachs alpha reliability coefficient. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 6 (1), 47. 10.5455/jmood.20160307122823
  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
  • Masten, A. S. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19(3), 921-930. 10.1017/S0954579407000442
  • Masten, A. S. (2011). Resilience in children threatened by extreme adversity: Frameworks for research, practice, and translational synergy. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000198
  • Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205–220. 10.1037//0003-066x.53.2.205
  • Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1991). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425-444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005812
  • Naglieri, J. A., & LeBuffle, P. A. (2005). Measuring resilience in children. In S. Goldstein, & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 39–56). New York, Springer.
  • Panter-Brick, C., & Leckman, J. F. (2013). Resilience in child development-Interconnected pathways to wellbeing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 333-336. 10.1111/jcpp.12057
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23–74. http://www.mpr-online.de
  • Sun, J., & Stewart, D. (2007). Development of population-based resilience measures in the primary school setting. Health Education, 107(6), 575-599. 10.1108/09654280710827957
  • Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
  • TÜİK (2016). Aile Yapısı Araştırması. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • TÜİK (2016). Türkiye Çocuk Araştırması. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • TÜİK. (2022). Ölüm istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • UNICEF (2023). Dünya Çocuklarının Durumu Raporu. Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuklara Yardım Fonu.
  • UNICEF. (2010). Türkiye’deki çocukların durumu. Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuklara Yardım Fonu.
  • Wright, M. O. D., Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2013). Resilience processes in development: Four waves of research on positive adaptation in the context of adversity. S. Goldstein, & R. B. Brooks (Ed.), Handbook of Resilience in Children (2nd ed., pp. 15-37). New York, Springer.
  • Zolkoski, S. M. & Bullock, L. M. (2012). Resilience in children and youth: a review. Children and Youth Servises Review, 34, 2295-2303. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.08.009
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Scale Development, Early Childhood Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İlayda Gürsoy Kızılaslan 0000-0001-9069-658X

Havise Güleç 0000-0001-7039-2220

Submission Date December 13, 2024
Acceptance Date December 25, 2024
Early Pub Date December 16, 2025
Publication Date January 2, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gürsoy Kızılaslan, İ., & Güleç, H. (2026). Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study. Journal of Family Counseling and Education, 10(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.1601181
AMA Gürsoy Kızılaslan İ, Güleç H. Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study. JFCE. January 2026;10(2):1-19. doi:10.32568/jfce.1601181
Chicago Gürsoy Kızılaslan, İlayda, and Havise Güleç. “Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study”. Journal of Family Counseling and Education 10, no. 2 (January 2026): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.1601181.
EndNote Gürsoy Kızılaslan İ, Güleç H (January 1, 2026) Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study. Journal of Family Counseling and Education 10 2 1–19.
IEEE İ. Gürsoy Kızılaslan and H. Güleç, “Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study”, JFCE, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1–19, 2026, doi: 10.32568/jfce.1601181.
ISNAD Gürsoy Kızılaslan, İlayda - Güleç, Havise. “Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study”. Journal of Family Counseling and Education 10/2 (January2026), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.1601181.
JAMA Gürsoy Kızılaslan İ, Güleç H. Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study. JFCE. 2026;10:1–19.
MLA Gürsoy Kızılaslan, İlayda and Havise Güleç. “Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study”. Journal of Family Counseling and Education, vol. 10, no. 2, 2026, pp. 1-19, doi:10.32568/jfce.1601181.
Vancouver Gürsoy Kızılaslan İ, Güleç H. Development of Psychological Resilience Scale for 60-72 Month Old Children: Validity and Reliability Study. JFCE. 2026;10(2):1-19.