Individual taper models for natural cedar and Taurus fir mixed stands of Bucak Region, Turkey

Abstract

Abstract: In this study, we assessed the performance of different types of taper equations for predicting tree diameters at specific heights and total stem volumes for mixed stands of Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) and Taurus fir (Abies cilicica Carr.). We used data from mixed stands containing a total of 131 cedar and 124 Taurus fir trees. We evaluated six commonly used and well-known forestry taper functions developed by a variety of researchers (Biging (1984), Zakrzewski (1999), Muhairwe (1999), Fang et al. (2000), Kozak (2004), and Sharma and Zhang (2004)). To address problems related to autocorrelation and multicollinearity in the hierarchical data associated with the construction of taper models, we used appropriate statistical procedures for the model fitting. We compared model performances based on the analysis of three goodness-of-fit statistics and found the compatible segmented model of Fang et al. (2000) to be superior in describing the stem profile and stem volume of both tree species in mixed stands. The equation used by Zakrzewski (1999) exhibited the poorest fitting results of the three taper equations. In general, we found segmented taper equations to provide more accurate predictions than variable-form models for both tree species. Results from the non-linear extra sum of squares method indicate that stem tapers differ among tree species in mixed stands. Therefore, a different taper function should be used for each tree species in mixed stands in the Bucak district. Using individual-specific taper equations yields more robust estimations and, therefore, will enhance the prediction accuracy of diameters at different heights and volumes in mixed stands.

Keywords: Segmented model, compatible equation, stem form, merchantable volume, autocorrelation, F- test

Received (Geliş): 08.02.2017 - Revised (Düzeltme): 17.03.2017 -   Accepted (Kabul): 28.04.2017

Cite (Atıf): Özçelik, R., Dirican, O., 2017. Individual taper models for natural cedar and Taurus fir mixed stands of Bucak Region, Turkey. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(2): 336-354. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.290845

Keywords

• Karışık meşcere,Gövde çapı,ticari hacim,otokorelasyon,F testi

Bucak Yöresi doğal sedir ve Toros göknarı karışık meşcereleri için gövde çapı ve hacim modelleri

Abstract

Özet: Çalışmada, Bucak Yöresi doğal karışık sedir (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) ve Toros göknarı (Abies cilicica Carr.) meşcereleri için gövde çapı modelleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla sedir ve Toros göknarı karışık meşcerelerinden, 131 adet sedir 124 adet Toros göknarı ölçülmüştür. Çalışmada, ormancılıkta yaygın olarak kullanılan Biging (1984), Zakrzewski (1999), Muhairwe (1999), Fang ve ark. (2000), Sharma ve Zhang (2004) ve Kozak (2004)’ın modelleri test edilmiştir. Modellerinin geliştirilmesinde, hiyerarşik verilerdeki çoklu bağıntı ve otokorelasyon problemlerini de dikkate alan uygun istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Geliştirilen gövde çapı denklemlerinin tahmin performanslarının değerlendirilmesinde, üç farklı ölçüt kullanılmıştır. Karışımdaki her iki tür için de, Fang ve ark. (2000) tarafından geliştirilen uyumlu gövde çapı modelinin, çap, ticari boy, ticari hacim ve toplam gövde hacmi tahminlerinde, diğer modellerden daha başarılı olduğu görülmüştür. Zakrzewski (1999)’nin modeli ise diğer modellerle karşılaştırıldığında, her iki tür için de en başarısız modeldir. Karışımı oluşturan sedir ve göknar türleri için ayrı gövde çapı ve hacim modeline ihtiyaç olup olmadığı F-testi ile ortaya konmuştur. Yapılan değerlendirmelerde, sedir ve göknar türleri için farklı çap ve hacim denklemlerinin kullanılması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Geliştirilen gövde çapı modelleri ile Bucak Yöresi karışık sedir ve göknar meşcerelerindeki ağaç türleri için daha doğru çap ve hacim tahminleri yapılabilmesi mümkündür.    

Anahtar Kelimeler: Parçalı model, uyumlu denklem, gövde formu, ticari hacim, otokorelasyon, F testi

Received (Geliş): 08.02.2017 - Revised (Düzeltme): 17.03.2017 -   Accepted (Kabul): 28.04.2017

Cite (Atıf): Özçelik, R., Dirican, O., 2017. Individual taper models for natural cedar and Taurus fir mixed stands of Bucak Region, Turkey. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(2): 336-354. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.290845

Keywords

• Karışık meşcere,Gövde çapı,ticari hacim,otokorelasyon,F testi

References

1. Bates, D.M., Watts, D.G., 1988. Nonlinear regression analysis and its applications. Wiley, New York.
2. Belsey, D.A., 1991. Conditioning diagnostics, collinearity and weak data in regression. Wiley, New York.
3. Bielak, K., Dudzinska, M., Pretzsch, H., 2014. Mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L. Karst.) can be more productive than monocultures. Evidence from over 100 years of observation of long-term experiments. Forest Systems 23(3): 573-589.
4. Biging, G.S., 1984. Taper equations for second-growth mixed conifers of northern California. Forest Science 30: 1103–1117.
5. Brooks, J.R., Jiang, L., Özçelik, R., 2008. Compatible stem volume and taper equations for Brutian pine, Cedar of Lebanon, and Cilicica fir in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 147-151, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.018.
6. Çalişkan, A., 1989. Relationships between growth and necessary silvicultural treatments of mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Fir (Abies bornmülleriana Matff.), and Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in Karabük Büyükdüz Research Forest, IU Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, PhD. Thesis, 283 pp., [Turkish].
7. Castedo-Dorado, F., Gomez-Garcia, E., Dieguez-Aranda, U., Barrio-Anta, M., Crecente-Campo, F., 2012. Aboveground stand-level biomass estimation: a comparison of two methods for major forest species in northwest Spain. Annals of Forest Science 69: 735-746, doi: 10.1007/s13595-012-0191-6.
8. Clark, III A., Souter, R.A. Schlaegel, B.E., 1991. Stem profile equations for southern tree species. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Research Paper, SE-282.

9. Crecente-Campo, F., Alboreca, A. R., Dieguez – Aranda, U., 2009. A Merchantable volume system for Pinus sylvestris L. in the major mountain ranges of Spain. Annals of Forest Science 66:1-12, doi: 10.1051/forest/2009078.
10. Corral-Rivas, J.J., Dieguez-Aranda, U., Corral-Rivas, S., Castedo-Dorado, F., 2007. A merchantable volume system for major pine species in El Salto, Durango (Mexico). Forest Ecology and Management 238:118-129, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.074.
11. de-Miguel, S., Mehtatalo, L., Shater, Z., Kraid, B., Pukkala, T., 2012. Evaluating marginal and conditional predictions of taper models in the absence of calibration data. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42: 1383-1394, doi: 10.1139/x2012-090.
12. Dieguez – Aranda, U., Castedo- Dorado, F., Alvarez-Gonzalez, J.G., Rojo, A., 2006. Compatible Taper Function for Scots Pine Plantations in Northwestern Spain. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 1190–1205, 10.1139/x06-008.
13. Durkaya, B., Durkaya, A., Macaroğlu, K., 2012. Investigations on biomass stok changes of mixed frest stands in Bartın Province. Journal of Bartın Faculty of Forestry 21: 28-36 [Turkish].
14. Fang, Z., Borders, B.E., Bailey, R.L., 2000. Compatible volume taper models for loblolly and slash pine based on system with segmented-stem form factors. Forest Science 46: 1-12.
15. GDF, 2006. Forest Resources. The General Directorate of Forests, 159p, Ankara, [Turkish].
16. GDF, 2008. Regulation for Forest Management. The General Directorate of Forests, 52p, Ankara, [Turkish].
17. GDF, 2012. Forest Resources of Turkey. The General Directorate of Forests, 24p, Ankara, [Turkish].
18. Gomez-Garcia, E., Dieguez-Aranda, U., Özçelik, R., Sai-Cando, M., Castedo-Dorado, F., Crecente-Campo, F., Corral-Rivas, J.J., Arias-Rodil, M., 2016. Development of a stem taper function using mixed-effects models for Pinus sylvestris in Turkey: selection of fixed parameters to expand. Bosque 37: 159-167, doi: dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002016000100015.
19. Gómez-García, E., Biging, G., García-Villabrille, J.D., Crecente-Campo, F., Castedo-Dorado, F., A, Rojo-Alboreca, 2015. Cumulative continuous predictions for bole and aboveground woody biomass in Eucalyptus globulus plantations in northwestern Spain. Biomass and Bioenergy 77:155-164, doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.03.026.
20. Griess, V.C., Knoke, T., 2011. Growth performance, windthrow, and insects: meta-analyses of parameters influencing performance of mixed species stands in boreal and Northern temperate biomes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41: 1141-1159, doi: 10.1139/x11-042.
21. Huang, S., Titus, S, Price, D., Morgan, D., 1999. Validation of ecoregion-based taper equations for white spruce in Alberta. The Forestry Chronicle 75(2): 281-292, doi: 10.5558/tfc75281-2.
22. Jiang, L., Brooks, J.R., Wang, J., 2005. Compatible taper and volume equations for yellow-poplar in West Virginia. Forest Ecology and Management 213: 399-409, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.04.006.
23. Kahriman, A., 2011. Modeling of forest growth for scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) mixed stands in Black Sea region, KTÜ Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, PhD Thesis, 356pp, [Turkish].
24. Kapucu, F., 1988. Natural mixed stands, its structure, and applications some parameters for understanding in East Blacksea Region. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 38(1): 102-117, [Turkish].
25. Kaya, B., 2016. Development of stem diameter and stem volume equations for scots pine and black pine mixed stands in Devrek District. SDU Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Ms Thesis, 68pp., [Turkish].
26. Knoke, T., Stimm, B., Ammer, C., Moog, M., 2005. Mixed forests reconsidered: a forest economics contribution to the discussion on natural diversity. Forest Ecology and Management 213: 102–116, doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.043.
27. Kozak, A., 1988. A variable-exponent taper equation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18:1363-1368, doi: 10.1139/x88-213.
28. Kozak, A., 1997. Effects of multicollinearity and autocorrelation on the variable-exponent taper functions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27: 619-629, doi: 10.1139/x97-011.
29. Kozak, A., Kozak, R.A., 2003. Does cross validation provide additional information in the evaluation of regression models? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 976-987, doi: 10.1139/x03-022.
30. Kozak, A., 2004. My last words on taper equations. Forestry Chronicle 80: 507-515, doi: 10.5558/tfc80507-4.
31. Li, R., Weiskittel, A.R., 2010. Comparison of model forms for estimating stem taper and volume in the primary conifer species of the North American Acadian Region, Annals of Forest Science 62:302, doi: doi.org/10.1051/forest/2009109.
32. Max, T.A., Burkhart, H.E., 1976. Segmented polynomial regression applied to taper equations. Forest Science 22: 283-289.
33. Menendez-Miguelez, M., Canga, E., Alvarez-Alvarez, P., Majada, J., 2014. Stem taper function for sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) coppice stands in northwest Spain. Annals of Forest Science 71: 761-770, doi: 10.1007/s13595-014-0372-6.
34. Muhairwe, C. K., 1999. Taper Equations for Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus grandis for The North Coast in New South Wales, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 113: 251-269, doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00431-9.
35. Myers, R.H., 1990. Classical and modern regression with applications (Second Ed.). Duxbury Press, Belmont, California.
36. Neter, J., Wasserman, W., Kutner, M.H., 1990. Applied linear statistical models: regression, analysis of variance and experimental designs (Third Ed.), Irwin, Boston, Massachusetts, doi: 10.1057/jors.1991.153.
37. Newnham, R.M., 1992. A variable-form taper function four Alberta tree species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22: 210-223, doi: 10.1139/x92-028.
38. Özçelik, R., Brooks, J.R., 2012. Compatible volume and taper models for economically important tree species of Turkey. Annals of Forest Science 69:105-118, doi: 10.1007/s13595-011-0137-4.
39. Özçelik, R., Yaşar, Ü., 2015. Development of stem diameter model for Bornmullerian fir (Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) subsp. bornmulleriana (Mattf.)) stands in Ayancık District using mixed effects modeling approach. Turkish Journal of Forestry 16: 86-95, doi: dx.doi.org/10.18182/tjf.94103 [Turkish].
40. Özçelik, R., Crecente-Campo, F., 2016. Stem taper equations for estimating merchantable volume of Lebanon Cedar Trees in the Taurus Mountains, Southern Turkey. Forest Science 62: 78-91, doi: doi.org/10.5849/forsci.14-212.
41. Özçelik, R., Karatepe, Y., Gürlevik, N., Canellas, I., Crecente-Campo, F., 2016. Development of ecoregion-based merchantable volume systems for Pinus brutia Ten. and Pinus nigra Arnold. in Southern Turkey. Journal of Forestry Research 27: 101-117, doi: 10.1007/s11676-015-0147-4.
42. Özçelik, R., Karaer, K., 2016. Development of merchantable volume equations for natural brutian pine and black pine stands in Eğirdir District. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 66: 59-74, doi: 10.17099/jffiu.24073 [Turkish].
43. Özdemir, E., 2011. Simulation of growth and yield at mixed stands (example of Büyükdüz), İÜ Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, PhD Thesis, 228p., [Turkish]. Pretzsch, H., Schütze, G., 2014. Size-structure Dynamics of mixed versus pure forest stands. Forest Systems 23(3): 560-572 doi: 10.5424/fs/2014233-06112 .
44. Poudel, K.P., Cao, Q.V., 2013. Evaluation of methods to predict Weibull parameters for characterizing diameter distributions. Forest Science 59(2): 243-252 doi: doi.org/10.5849/forsci.12-001.
45. Quinonez-Barraza, G., De los Santos-Posadas, H.M., Alvarez-Gonzalez, J.G., Velazquez-Martinez, A., 2014. Compatible taper and merchantable volume system for major pine species in Durango, Mexico. Agrociencia 48:553-567.
46. Sakıcı, O.E., Mısır, N., Yavuz, H., Mısır, M., 2008. Stem taper functions for Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana in Turkey. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 23: 522-533, doi: dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580802552453.
47. Schröder, T., Arnoni Costa, E., Alvaro, F. V., dos Santos Lisboa, G., 2014. Taper equations for pinus elliottii Engelm. in Southern Parana, Brazil. Forest Science 61(2): 311-319, doi: doi.org/10.5849/forsci.14-054.
48. SAS Institute Inc., 2010. SAS/ETS® 9.2 User’s guide, second Edition, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, N.C.
49. Sharma, M., Zhang, S.Y., 2004. Variable-exponent taper equations for jack pine, black spruce, and balsam fir in Eastern Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 198: 39-53, doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.035.
50. Sönmez, T., Şahin, A., 2008. Examing Oriental spruce radial growth variation in the even-aged pure and mixed forest stand. Artvin Çoruh University Faculty of Forestry Journal 9(1-2):107-110, [Turkish].
51. Sterba, H., del-Rio, M., Brunner, A., Condes, S., 2014. Effects of species proportion definition on the evaluation of growth in pure vs. mixed stands. Forest Systems 23(3): 547-559, doi: 10.5424/fs/2014233-06051.
52. Weiskittel, A., Kuehne, C., McTague, J.P., Oppenheimer, M., 2016. Development and evaluation of an individual tree growth and yield model for the mixed species forest of the Adirondacks Region of New York, USA. l. Forest Ecosystems 3: 26, DOI 10.1186/s40663-016-0086-3.
53. Yavuz, H., Mısır, N., Mısır, M., Tüfekçioğlu, A., Karahalil, U., Küçük, M., 2010. Development of mechanistic growth models, estimation of biomass and carbons storage capacity for pure and mixed scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in Blacksea Region. Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council (TUBİTAK), Project No: 106O274, 318p. Trabzon, [Turkish].
54. Zakrzewski, W.T., 1999. A mathematically tractable stem profile model for jack pine in Ontario. Northern Journal Applied Forestry 16: 138-143.