Ormanlık Alanlarda Taş ve Kaya Yuvarlanmaları

Year 2007, Volume: 57 Issue: 2, 127 - 144, 01.07.2007

Abdürrahim Aydın

Abstract

Türkiye'deki dağlık bölgeler doğal afetlere karşı ormanların koruyucu
işlevlerine gereksinme duymaktadırlar. Taş ve kaya yuvarlanmaları dağlık
bölgelerde insan hayatını ve aIt yapı tesislerini tehdit eden doğal afetlerden biri
olup ağaçlarda kabuk yaralanması, gövde zararı, kökünden sökme ve tepe
kırılmaları gibi zararlara yol açabilirler. Son yıllarda koruyucu fonksiyonu olan
dağ ormanlarının sahip olması gereken özellikler bilimsel araştırmalara konu
olmuştur. Bu makalede taş ve kaya yuvarlanmaları tanımlanmış, ağaç ile taş ve
kaya yuvarlanmaları arasındaki ilişki ve ormanların taş ve kaya yuvarlanmaları
üzerine olan etkileri açıklanmıştır.

Keywords

Taş ve kaya yuvarlanmaları, ağaç, orman, doğal afetler

References

• Bebi, P., F. Kienast ve W. Schönenberger, 2001. Assessing structures in mountain forests as abasis for investigating the forests'dynamics and protective function. Forest Ecology aııd Maııageıııeııt, 145(12):3-14.
• Berger, F., C. Quetel ve L.K.A. Dorren, 2002. Forest: Anatural protection mean against rockfalls, but with wich efficiency? International Congress lnterpraevent 2002 in the Pasific Rim, Corıference proceedings, Vo!.2, Matsurnuto, Japan
• Berger, F., 2004. Rockfor project. Rockfali-forest interrelation. Efficiency of the protective function of mountain forest against rockfall. Cemagref, France
• Berger, F. ve F.Rey, 2004. Mountain protection forests against natural hazards and risks: New french developments by integrating forests in risks zoning. Natural Hazards 33:395-404.
• Birkeland, K.W., K.J. Hansen ve R.L. Brown, 1995. The spatial variability ot' snow resistance on potentional avalanche slopes. Yournal. of Claciology. 41: 183-190.
• Brang, P., W. Schönenberger, E. Ott ve R. H. Gardner, 2001. Forests as Protection from Natural Hazards. Pages 53-81 in J. Evarıs, editor. The Forests Handbook. Blackwell Science Ltd.
• Brauner,M., W. Weinmeister, P. Agner, S. Vospernik ve B. Hoesle, 2005. Forest managment decision support for evaIuating forest protection effects agairıst rockfall. Forest Ecology aııd Maııag eıııeııt . 207:75-85.
• Butt, N. ve M.F. Price, 1999: Mountain people, forests, and trees: strategies for balaneing local management and outside iriteresr. Synthesis of an Electronic Conference of the Mountain Forum. April 12-May 14, 1999.
• CIPRA, 1996. Mountain Forest Protocol of the Alpine Convention. CIPRA, Schaarı. Çolak,A., A.Pitterle, 1999. Yüksek Dağ Silvikültürü.(Cilt I- Orta Avrupa), Genel Prensipler. OGEM- V AK, ı. Baskı, Ankara
• Dorren, L.K.A., 2002. Mountain ecosystems-GIS modelling of rockfall and protection Forest Structure. Ph.D.Thesis, University of Amsterdam, Netherland.
• Dorren, L.K.A., 2003. A review of rockfall mechanics and modelling approaches. Progress iıı Plıysical Geograplıy. 27 (1):69-87.
• Dorren, L.K.A. ve A.C. Seijmonsbergen, 2003: Comparison of tree GIS-based models for predicting rockfall runout zones at a regional scale. Geoıııorplıology. 56 (1-2):49-64
• Dorren, L.K.A., F. Berger, A.C. Imeson, B. Maier ve F. Rey, 2004a. Integrıty, stability and management of protectiorı forests in tte European Alps. Forest Ecology and Manageıııent . 195 (1-2): 165-176.
• Dorren, L.K.A., B. Maier, U.S. Putters Ye A.C. Seinjmonsbergen, 2004b. Combining field and rnodelling techniques to assess rockfall dynarnics on a protection forest hillslope in the european alps. Geoıııorphologv. 57: 151-167.
• Dorren, L.K.A. ve F. Berger, 2005. Stern breakage of trees and energy dissipation during rockfal i effects. Tree Plıysiology, 26:63-7 ı.
• Dorren, L.K.A., F. Berger, C. Le Hir, E. Mermin ve P. Tardif, 2005. Mechanisms, effects and management irnplications of rockfull in forests. Forest Ecology and Malıageıııeııt.215:183:195.
• Dorren, L.K.A. ve F.Berger, 2006. Panarchy and sustairıable risk preverıtion by managing protection forests in mountain areas. RISK21 Coping with Risks due to Natural Hazards in the 21st Century. Taylor and Francis Group, London.
• Duarte, R.M. ve J. Marquinez, 2002. The influerıce of environmental and lithologic factors on rockfall at a regional scale: an evaluatiorı using GIS. Geonıorphology. 43 (1):117-136.
• EOMF, 2000. White Book 2000 on mountain forests in Europe. European Federation of Local Forest Cornmunities, Saint Jean d'Arvey: 60 pp.
• Frehner, M., B.Wasser ve R.Schwitter, 2005. Nachhaltickkeir und Erfolgskontrolle im Schutzwald. Wegleitung für Pflegemassnahmen ın Walderrırnit Schutzfunktiorı. (BUWAL), CH-3003 Bern.
• Gsteiger, P., 1989. Steinschlag, Wald, Relief. Empirische Grundlagen zur Sreinschlagrnodellierung, Geographisches Institut, Universitat Bern.
• Gsteiger, P., 1993. Steinschlagschutzwald: Ein Beitrag zur Abgrenzung, Beurteilung und Bewirtschaftung. Sclıweizerisclıe Zeiısclırifı liir Forstweseıı. 144(2): 115- 132. Heidenreich, B., 2004. Smail and Half Scale experimental studies of rockfall irnpacts on sandy slopes. Ph.D.Thesis, No:3059, EPFL, Lausanne.
• Hübl, J., H. Kienholz ve A. Loipersberger, 2002. DOMODIS: Documentation of mountain disasters. Internationale Forschungsgesellschaft INTERPRA VENT Schriftenreihe 1, Handbuch i,Klagenfurt.
• Ives, J.D., B. Messerli ve E. Spiess, 1997. Mountains in the World: A Global Priority. Carrıforth-Parthenon.
• Jahn. J., 1988. Entwaldung und Steinschlag. International Congress INTERPRAEVENT 1988: Graz; Proceedings., i: 185-198.
• Krauchi, N., P. Brang Ye W. Schönenberger, 2000. Forests of mountarıious regiorıs: gaps in knowledge and research needs. Forest Ecology and Maııag eıııent . 132: 73-82.
• Le Hir, c., F.Berger, L.K.A. Dorren ve C.Quetel, 2004. Forest: Anatural means of protection against rockfall, but how to reach sustainable mitigatiorı? Internationales Symposion INTERPRAEVENT 2004. Riva/Trient.
• Marquinez, R., RM. Duarte, P. Farias ve M.J. Sanchez, 2003. Predictive GIS-based model ofrockfall activity on mountain cliffs. Natural Hazards. 30(3):341-360.
• Matsuoka, N. ve H. Sakai, 1999: Rockfall activity from an alpine cliff during thawing periods. Geoıııorplıology. 28:309-328.
• McC!ung, D.M., ve P. Sc ha erer, 1993. The Avalanche Handbook. The Mountaineers, Seattle.
• Motta, R., ve J.C. Haudemand, 2000. Protective forests and silvicultural stability an example of planing in the Aosta valiey. Mounıaiıı Researclı and Developıııeııt. 20(2): 180-187.
• Omura, H., ve Y. Marumo. 1988. An experimental study of the fence effects of protection forests on the interception of shallow mass movement. Mitt. Forstl. Bundesvers. anst. Mariabrunn Wien 159:139-147.
• Perret, S., F. Dolf ve H. Kienholz, 2004. Rockfalls into forests: analysis and simulation of rockfall trajectories - considerations with respect to mountainous forests in Switzerland. Laııdslides. 1:123-130.
• Perret, S., Baumgartner, M., Kienholz, H. 2005. lnventory and analysis of tree injuries in a rockfall-darnaged forest stand. European. Joıııııal of Forest Researc/ı.125(2):101-110.
• Price, M. ve N. Butt, 2000: Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development. IUFRO Research Series No: 5
• Ritchie, A. M., 1963: Evaluation of Rockfall and its Control. Highway research record 17, pp. 13-28, Washington, USA
• Sağ, M.B., 2002:Türkiye'deki Yüksek Dağ Ormanıarının Planlama ilkeleri. i.Ü.Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
• Schneebeli, M., ve P. Bebi, 2004. Snow and Avalanche Control. Encyclopedia of Forest Scierıces, vol. 1 Elsevier Academic Press.
• Schönenberger, W., A. Noack ve P.Thee, 2005. Effect of timber removal from windthrow slopes on the risk of snow avalanches and rockfall. Forest Ecology and Maııagenıeııt, 213:197-208.
• Schweig!, J., e.Ferretti, L Nössing, 2003: Geotechnical characterization and rockfall simulation of a slope: a practical case study from South Tyrol (ltaly). Engineering Ceology. 67(3):281-296.
• Selby, M.J., 1982. Hillslope Material and Processes. 2 ncl Rev. Edition. Oxford Uni versity Press.
• Smith, M.J., ve D.M. McClung, 1997. Avalanche frequencyand terrain characteristics at Roger Pass. B. C.. Canada. Joıırnal of Glaciology, 43 (143): 165-17 ı.
• Stoffel, M., D. Schneuw!y, M. BoJlschweiler, L. Lievre, R Delaloye, M. Myint ve M. Monbaron, 2005 a : Analyzing rockfaIl activity (1600-2002) in a protection forest- a case study using geomorphology. Geoınorplıology, 68:224-241.
• Stoffe!., M., Ll.ievre, M. Monbaron, F. Perret ve S.Perret, 2005 b : Seasonal timing of rockfall activity on a forested slope at Taschgufer (Swiss Alps)- A dendrochronological approach. Zeiısclırift jiirCeoıııorpllOlogie. 49( 1):89-1 06.
• Stokes, A., F. Salin, A.D. Kokutse, S. Berthier, H.Jeannin, S. Moehan, L. Dorren, M. Abd.Ghani ve T. Foureaud, 2005: Meehanieal resistanee of different tree speeies to rockfall in the French Alps. Planı and Soil. 278( 1-2): IO? -117.
• Tavşanoğlu, F., 1961. Türkiye'de çığ gelen, taş ve kaya yuvarlanan yerlerin belli edilmesi. f.Ü.Omıan Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri A. 1(1).
• Uzunsoy, M.O., E. Göreelioğlu, 1985. Havza ıslahında Temel ilke ve Uygulamalar. i. Ü.OF Yay. İ.Ü.Yay. No:3310, O.F. Yay. No: 371, istanbuL.
• van, STEIJN, H., 1996: Debris flow magnitude-frequeney relationships for mountainous regions of Central and Northwest Europe. Geonıorplıology. 15:259- 273.
• Vospernik, S., 2002. Predieting Forests Proteetion Against Rockfall. Final Report, Institute of Forest Growth and Yield, BOKU, Vienna.
• Wehrli, A.R., 2005: Mountain forest dynamies and their impacts onthe long-term protective effect against rockfall - A modelling approach. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Diss. Eth. No: 16358