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Kaya yuvarlanmalarından etkilenen orman alanlarının belirlenmesi: İnebolu örneği

Year 2017, Volume: 67 Issue: 2, 136 - 149, 04.04.2017

Abdurrahim Aydın , Remzi Eker

https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.281710

Abstract

Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu-Turkey

Abstract: Determining areas where forest plantations provide protection against rockfall is significant in the prevention of disasters. In this paper, a case study is conducted in the Özlüce Forest District of İnebolu, Turkey. Potential rockfall source areas are firstly calculated and mapped via RollFree, which uses a digital elevation model as the only input. The rockfall travel distance is then identified using an empirical energy line angle to create propagation maps for different scenarios (using a set of four angles: 28°, 32°, 35°, and 38°). By marking the lower boundaries of propagation, the maximum run-out zone of a fallen block is determined as having a very low, low, medium, or high probability of occurrence (marking the lower boundaries of propagation). These propagation maps are then overlapped with a forest stand map to define areas where the forest provides a protective function against rockfall. According to propagation maps that indicate a high probability of occurrence, only 9% of the total forest area is found to be capable of playing a protective role, whereas for those determined as having a low probability of occurrence, 17% of the forest area provides a protective function.

Keywords: Energy line angle, protection forest, rockfall, rockfall propagation map

Kaya yuvarlanmalarından etkilenen orman alanlarının belirlenmesi: İnebolu örneği

Özet: Kaya yuvarlanmalarına karşı potansiyel koruyucu ormanların belirlenmesi, önemli ölçüde koruma sağladıkları için son derece önemlidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Özlüce Orman İşletme Şefliği’nde (İnebolu, Türkiye) örnek bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk olarak potansiyel kaya yuvarlanması kaynak bölgeleri (PKYKB), tek bir girdi olarak Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli (SYM) kullanan RollFree yazılımı ile belirlenerek haritalanmıştır. Daha sonra, çok düşük (düşük yayılım sınırlarını gösteren), düşük, orta ve yüksek şeklinde sınıflandırılan maksimum birikme bölgesi olası sınırlarını elde etmek için farklı senaryolarda, yani dört farklı enerji hattı açısı (28°, 32°, 35° and 38°) için kaya blokları yayılım haritalarının oluşturulmasında ampirik enerji hattı açısı (EHA) yaklaşımı ile düşen kaya bloklarının hareket mesafelerin tespiti ile elde edilmiştir. Kaya yuvarlanmasına karşı koruyucu fonksiyona sahip orman alanlarının belirlenmesi için üretilen kaya yuvarlanması yayılım haritaları meşcere haritası ile çakıştırılmıştır. Yüksek olasılıklı yayılım haritalarına göre toplam ormanlık alanın sadece %9’u kaya yuvarlanmasına karşı koruyucu fonksiyon görürken, çok düşük olasılıklı yayılım haritasına göre ormanlık alanların %17’si koruyucu fonksiyon görmektedir. 

Anahtar kelimeler: Enerji hattı açısı, koruma ormanı, kaya yuvarlanması, kaya yuvarlanması yayılım haritası

Received (Geliş): 27.12.2016 - Revised (Düzeltme): 08.03.2017 -   Accepted (Kabul): 28.03.2017

Cite (Atıf):  Aydin, A., Eker, R., 2017. Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu of Turkey. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(2): 136-149. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.281710

Keywords

Enerhi hattı açısı koruma ormanı kaya yuvarlanması kaya yuvarlanması yayılım haritası

References

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  • Berger, F., Dorren, L.K.A., 2007. Principles of the tool Rockfor.net for quantifying the rockfall hazard below a protection forest. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 6:157-165.
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Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu-Turkey

Year 2017, Volume: 67 Issue: 2, 136 - 149, 04.04.2017

Abdurrahim Aydın , Remzi Eker

https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.281710

Abstract

Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu-Turkey

Abstract: Determining areas where forest plantations provide protection against rockfall is significant in the prevention of disasters. In this paper, a case study is conducted in the Özlüce Forest District of İnebolu, Turkey. Potential rockfall source areas are firstly calculated and mapped via RollFree, which uses a digital elevation model as the only input. The rockfall travel distance is then identified using an empirical energy line angle to create propagation maps for different scenarios (using a set of four angles: 28°, 32°, 35°, and 38°). By marking the lower boundaries of propagation, the maximum run-out zone of a fallen block is determined as having a very low, low, medium, or high probability of occurrence (marking the lower boundaries of propagation). These propagation maps are then overlapped with a forest stand map to define areas where the forest provides a protective function against rockfall. According to propagation maps that indicate a high probability of occurrence, only 9% of the total forest area is found to be capable of playing a protective role, whereas for those determined as having a low probability of occurrence, 17% of the forest area provides a protective function.

Keywords: Energy line angle, protection forest, rockfall, rockfall propagation map

Kaya yuvarlanmalarından etkilenen orman alanlarının belirlenmesi: İnebolu örneği

Özet: Kaya yuvarlanmalarına karşı potansiyel koruyucu ormanların belirlenmesi, önemli ölçüde koruma sağladıkları için son derece önemlidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Özlüce Orman İşletme Şefliği’nde (İnebolu, Türkiye) örnek bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk olarak potansiyel kaya yuvarlanması kaynak bölgeleri (PKYKB), tek bir girdi olarak Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli (SYM) kullanan RollFree yazılımı ile belirlenerek haritalanmıştır. Daha sonra, çok düşük (düşük yayılım sınırlarını gösteren), düşük, orta ve yüksek şeklinde sınıflandırılan maksimum birikme bölgesi olası sınırlarını elde etmek için farklı senaryolarda, yani dört farklı enerji hattı açısı (28°, 32°, 35° and 38°) için kaya blokları yayılım haritalarının oluşturulmasında ampirik enerji hattı açısı (EHA) yaklaşımı ile düşen kaya bloklarının hareket mesafelerin tespiti ile elde edilmiştir. Kaya yuvarlanmasına karşı koruyucu fonksiyona sahip orman alanlarının belirlenmesi için üretilen kaya yuvarlanması yayılım haritaları meşcere haritası ile çakıştırılmıştır. Yüksek olasılıklı yayılım haritalarına göre toplam ormanlık alanın sadece %9’u kaya yuvarlanmasına karşı koruyucu fonksiyon görürken, çok düşük olasılıklı yayılım haritasına göre ormanlık alanların %17’si koruyucu fonksiyon görmektedir. 

Anahtar kelimeler: Enerji hattı açısı, koruma ormanı, kaya yuvarlanması, kaya yuvarlanması yayılım haritası

Received (Geliş): 27.12.2016 - Revised (Düzeltme): 08.03.2017 -   Accepted (Kabul): 28.03.2017

Cite (Atıf):  Aydin, A., Eker, R., 2017. Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu of Turkey. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(2): 136-149. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.281710

Keywords

Energy line angle protection forest rockfall rockfall propagation map

References

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  • Aydın, A., Köse, N., Akkemik, Ü., Yurtseven, H., 2012. Assessment and analysis of rockfall-caused tree injuries in a Turkish fir stand: A case study from Kastamonu-Turkey. Journal of Mountain Science 9:137-146.
  • Bebi, P., Kienast, F., Schönenberger, W., 2001. Assessing structures in mountain forests as a basis for investigating the forests’ dynamics and protective function. Forest Ecology and Management 145: 3-14.
  • Berger, F., Quetel, C., Dorren, L.K.A., 2002. Forest: a natural protection means against rockfalls, but with which efficiency? In: Proceedings of the International Congress Interpraevent 2002, Proceedings book Vol 2:815-826, Pacific Rim-Matsumoto, Japan.
  • Berger, F., Rey, F., 2004. Mountain protection forests against natural hazards and risks: new French developments by integrating forests in risk zoning. Natural Hazards 33: 395-404.
  • Berger, F., Dorren, L.K.A., 2007. Principles of the tool Rockfor.net for quantifying the rockfall hazard below a protection forest. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 6:157-165.
  • Berger, F., Clouet, N., Toe, D., 2012. Avalanches and rockfall regional analysis with a special focus on protective role of forest. In: Tacnet, JM, editor. Decision support guidelines methods, procedures and tools developed in PARAmount (WP 7). IRSTEA, UR ETGR (Snow Avalanches Engineering and Torrent Control Research Unit), 2 Rue de la Papeterie BP 76, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères, France.
  • Berger, F., Dorren, L., Kleemayr, K., Maier, B., Planinsek, S., Bigot, C., Bourrier, F., Jancke, O., Toe, D., Cerbu, G., 2013. Eco-Engineering and Protection Forests against Rockfalls and Snow Avalanches. In: Cerbu G, editor. Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks. ISBN: 978-953-51-1194-8, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/56275.
  • Bigot, C., Dorren, L.K.A., Berger, F., 2009. Quantifying the protective function of a forest against rockfall for past, present and future scenarios using two modelling approaches. Natural Hazards 49: 99-111.
  • Brang, P., 2001. Resistance and elasticity: promising concepts for the management of protection forests in the European Alps. Forest Ecology and Management 145: 107-119.
  • Brang, P., Schönenberger, W., Ott, E., Gardner, B., 2001. Forests as protection from natural hazards. In: Evans J, editor. The forests handbook, Vol. 2: Applying forest science for sustainable management. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science, pp. 53–81.
  • Brang, P., Schönenberger, W., Frehner, M., Schwitter, R., Thormann, J.J., Wasser, B., 2006. Management of protection forests in the European Alps: An overview. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 80: 23-44.
  • Brauner, M., Weinmeister, W., Agner, P., Vospernik, S., Hoesle, B., 2005. Forest management decision support for evaluating forest protection effects against rockfall. Forest Ecology and Management 207: 75-85.
  • Clouet, N., Berger, F., Lievois, J., 2012. Rockfall Modelling and Risk Zoning: A Case Study in the French Alps Using Geomatics, Airborne Laser Scanning, 2D&3D Runout Models. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress Interpraevent, pp. 479-486.
  • Copons, R., Vilaplana, J.M., 2008. Rockfall susceptibility zoning at a large scale: from geomorphological inventory to preliminary land use planning. Engineering Geology 102: 142-151.
  • Copons, R., Vilaplana, J.M., Linares, R., 2009. Rockfall travel distance analysis by using empirical models (Sola dra la Vella, Central Pyrenees). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9: 2107-2118.
  • Corominas, J., Copons, R., Vilaplana, J.M., Altimir, J., Amigó, J., 2003. From landslide hazard assessment to management. The Andorran experience. In: Picarelli L, editor. Fast Slope Movements: Prediction and Prevention for Risk Mitigation. Bologna, Italy: Pàtron Editore, pp. 111–118.
  • Crosta, G.B., Agliardi, F., Frattini, P., Imposimato, S., 2004. A three-dimensional hybrid numerical model for rockfall simulation. Geophysical Research Abstracts 6: 04502.
  • Cruden, D.M., Varnes, D.J., 1996. Landslide types and processes. In: Turner AK, Schuster RL, editors. Landslides investigation and mitigation, Special Report 247. Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press.
  • Dorren, L.K.A., 2003. A review of rockfall mechanics and modelling approaches. Progress in Physical Geography 27: 69-87.
  • Dorren, L.K.A., 2016. Rockyfor3D (v5.2) Revealed-Transparent Description of the Complete 3D Rockfall Model. Geneva, Switzerland: Association ecorisQ, p.32.
  • Dorren L.K.A., Seijmonsbergen, A.C., 2003. Comparison of three GIS-based models for predicting rockfall runout zones at a regional scale. Geomorphology 56: 49-64.
  • Dorren., L.K.A., Maier, B., Putters, U.S., Seinjmonsbergen, A.C., 2004a. Combining field and modelling techniques to assess rockfall dynamics on a protection forest hillslope in the European Alps. Geomorphology 57: 151-167.
  • Dorren, L.K.A., Berger, F., Imeson, A.C., Maier, B., Rey, F. 2004b. Integrity, stability and management of protection forests in the Alps. Forest Ecology Management 195: 165-176.
  • Dorren, L.K.A., Berger, F., Le, Hir C., Mermin, E., Tardif, P., 2005. Mechanisms, effects and management implications of rockfall in forests. Forest Ecology Management 15: 183-195.
  • Dorren, L.K.A., Berger, F., 2006a. Panarchy and sustainable risk prevention by managing protection forests in mountain areas. In: Ammann WJ, Dannenman S, Vulliet I, editors. Risk 21: coping with risks due to natural hazards in the 21st century. London, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp.203-213.
  • Dorren, L.K.A., Berger, F., 2006b. Stem breakage of trees and energy dissipation during rockfall impacts. Tree Physiology 26: 63-71.
  • Dorren, L.K.A., Domaas, U., Kronholm, K., Labiouse, V., 2013. Methods for predicting rockfall trajectories and run- out zones. In: Lambert S, Nicot F, editors. Rockfall engineering. London, UK: ISTE Ltd./John Wiley & Sons Inc., pp. 143-173.
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Research Articles (Araştırma Makalesi)
Authors

Abdurrahim Aydın

Remzi Eker

Publication Date April 4, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 67 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aydın, A., & Eker, R. (2017). Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu-Turkey. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 67(2), 136-149. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.281710
AMA Aydın A, Eker R. Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu-Turkey. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. July 2017;67(2):136-149. doi:10.17099/jffiu.281710
Chicago Aydın, Abdurrahim, and Remzi Eker. “Forest Mapping Against Rockfalls on a Regional Scale in Inebolu-Turkey”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67, no. 2 (July 2017): 136-49. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.281710.
EndNote Aydın A, Eker R (July 1, 2017) Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu-Turkey. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67 2 136–149.
IEEE A. Aydın and R. Eker, “Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu-Turkey”, J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 136–149, 2017, doi: 10.17099/jffiu.281710.
ISNAD Aydın, Abdurrahim - Eker, Remzi. “Forest Mapping Against Rockfalls on a Regional Scale in Inebolu-Turkey”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67/2 (July 2017), 136-149. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.281710.
JAMA Aydın A, Eker R. Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu-Turkey. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. 2017;67:136–149.
MLA Aydın, Abdurrahim and Remzi Eker. “Forest Mapping Against Rockfalls on a Regional Scale in Inebolu-Turkey”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, vol. 67, no. 2, 2017, pp. 136-49, doi:10.17099/jffiu.281710.
Vancouver Aydın A, Eker R. Forest mapping against rockfalls on a regional scale in Inebolu-Turkey. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. 2017;67(2):136-49.
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