APPLICATIONS USED IN TREATMENT AGAINST CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND BIOTERRORISM

Year 2024, , 672 - 695, 20.05.2024

Sibel İlbasmış Tamer , İlkay Erdoğan Orhan

https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1363452

Abstract

Objective: In the present study, the chemical and physical properties of various chemical warfare agents, general information about medical protection methods, current analysis methods equipment, decontamination techniques and pharmaceutical formulations used when exposed to chemical agents will be discussed.
Result and Discussion: Among weapons of mass destruction, chemical warfare agents are one of the most brutal dangers posed to humanity compared to biological and nuclear weapons. These war agents can be produced easily, cheaply and can cause mass casualties in small amounts with chemicals that are easily obtained in our daily lives, even by small terrorist groups. Chemical warfare agents can enter the body through various routes; and symptoms may vary accordingly. When inhaled, gases, vapors and aerosols can be absorbed through any part of the respiratory tract, from the mucosa of the nose and mouth to the alveoli of the lungs. The eye may able to absorb these agents directly. Liquid droplets and solid particles can be absorbed from the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. Toxic compounds that have a characteristic effect on the skin can demonstrate their effects when they accumulate on the skin as solid or liquid particles. The vapors of some volatile substances can penetrate intact skin and subsequently cause poisoning. Wounds or abrasions are more permeable than intact skin. Chemical warfare agents can contaminate food and beverages and absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract. While chemical warfare agents penetrate through various transmucosal routes, they can cause irritation or damage to the surfaces. In addition, toxic substances can pollute groundwater, leaking into the environment by soil and air and cause long-term harmful effects on living organisms.

Keywords

Bioterrorism, chemical warfare agents, decontamination, drug therapy

KİMYASAL SİLAHLARA VE BİYOTERÖRE KARŞI TEDAVİDE KULLANILAN UYGULAMALAR

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada çeşitli kimyasal savaş ajanlarının kimyasal ve fiziksel özellikleri, tıbbi koruma yöntemleriyle ilgili genel bilgiler, güncel analiz metotları ekipmanı, dekontaminasyon teknikleri ve kimyasal ajanlara maruz kalındığında kullanılan farmasötik formülasyonlar tartışılacaktır.
Sonuç ve Tartışma: Kitle imha silahları arasında kimyasal savaş ajanları, biyolojik ve nükleer silahlara göre insanlığın yarattığı en acımasız tehlikelerden biridir. Günlük hayatımızda kolayca elde edilme imkânı olan kimyasallar ile bu savaş ajanları çok ucuz bir şekilde üretilebilir ve küçük terörist gruplar tarafından bile az miktarlarda kitlesel zayiatlar yaratabilir. Kimyasal savaş ajanları vücuda çeşitli yollardan girer; semptomlar buna göre değişebilir. Solunduğunda gazlar, buharlar ve aerosoller, burun ve ağız mukozasından akciğerlerin alveollerine kadar solunum yolunun herhangi bir kısmından emilebilir. Göz ayrıca bu ajanları doğrudan emebilir. Sıvı damlacıkları ve katı partiküller ise, deri ve mukoza zarlarının yüzeyinden emilebilir. Deri üzerinde karakteristik bir etkiye sahip toksik bileşikler, cilt üzerinde katı veya sıvı partiküller halinde biriktiklerinde etkilerini gösterebilirler. Bazı uçucu özellikteki maddelerin buharı sağlam cilde nüfuz edebilir ve bunu takiben zehirlenmeye neden olabilir. Yaralar veya sıyrıklar, sağlam deriye göre daha geçirgendir. Kimyasal savaş ajanları, yiyecek ve içecekleri kontamine edebilir ve dolayısıyla gastrointestinal sistem tarafından absorbe edilebilir. Kimyasal savaş ajanları çeşitli transmukozal yollarla nüfuz ederken, yüzeylerde tahriş veya hasarda oluşturabilirler. Ayrıca çevreye sızan zehirli maddeler yer altı suyunu, toprağı ve havayı kirletebilir ve canlı organizmalar üzerinde uzun süreli zararlı etkilere yol açabilir.

Keywords

Biyoterörizm, dekontaminasyon, ilaç tedavisi, kimyasal savaş ajanları

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