EVALUATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS ON ORAL BACTERIA

Year 2024, , 1155 - 1162, 10.09.2024

Murat Sefa Karaaslan , Nurten Altanlar

https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1530342

Abstract

Objective: There is a significant relationship between oral health and general health. Oral diseases affect the daily lives of individuals and reduce the quality of life. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are among the primary causes that deteriorate oral health. Safe and effective products are needed due to reasons such as the inefficient of toothbrushes to reach areas where bacteria are colonized and the side effects seen when using chemical mouthwash. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of the essential oils against oral bacteria.
Material and Method: In this study, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 11975 and L. casei RSKK 06029 were used as test bacteria. Antibacterial activities of the essential oils were investigated by disk diffusion and agar well diffusion methods.
Result and Discussion: In antibacterial activity methods, thyme essential oil showed the highest activity against the test bacteria. The inhibition zone diameters of thyme essential oil against L. acidophilus in the disk diffusion method and against S. mutans in the agar well diffusion method were determined as 57.6±0.8 and 58±0.9 mm, respectively. While the inhibition zone diameters of eucalyptus essential oil against E. faecalis, L. acidophilus and S. mutans test bacteria were determined in the disk diffusion method, the zone diameters were not observed in the well diffusion method. The methods findings may differ between literatures due to reasons such as the essential oils contain different components and the difference in the collection time of the plants which they are isolated. It is important to characterize essential oils to better explain differences in observed activity results.

Keywords

Antibacterial activity, essential oil, oral health, thyme

BAZI UÇUCU YAĞLARIN ORAL BAKTERİLER ÜZERİNDE ANTİBAKTERİYEL ETKİNLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Abstract

Amaç: Ağız sağlığı ve genel sağlık arasında önemli bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Ağızda görülen hastalıklar bireylerin günlük hayatını etkilemekte ve yaşam kalitesini düşürmektedir. Diş çürükleri ve periodontal hastalıklar ağız sağlığını bozan başlıca nedenler arasındadır. Diş fırçalarının bakterilerin kolonize olduğu bölgelere ulaşamaması, kimyasal içerikli gargara kullanımında görülen yan etki gibi nedenlerden dolayı güvenli ve etkili ürünlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bazı uçucu yağların oral bakteriler üzerindeki antibakteriyel etkinliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 11975 ve L. casei RSKK 06029 test bakterileri olarak kullanılmıştır. Uçucu yağların antibakteriyel aktiviteleri disk difüzyon ve agar kuyu difüzyon yöntemleriyle araştırılmıştır.
Sonuç ve Tartışma: Her iki yöntemde de test bakterilerine karşı en yüksek antibakteriyel aktiviteyi kekik uçucu yağı göstermiştir. Kekik uçucu yağının disk difüzyon yönteminde L. acidophilus’a karşı ve agar kuyu difüzyon yönteminde S. mutans’a karşı inhibisyon zon çapları sırasıyla 57.6±0.8 ve 58±0.9 mm olarak belirlenmiştir. Disk difüzyon yönteminde okaliptüs uçucu yağının E. faecalis, L. acidophilus ve S. mutans test bakterilerine karşı inhibisyon zon çapı saptanırken, kuyu difüzyon yönteminde zon çapı gözlemlenmemiştir. Yöntem bulguları literatürle kıyaslandığında gözlemlenen aktivite farklılıkları uçucu yağların farklı bileşenler içermesi, izole edildikleri bitkilerin toplanma zamanına göre değişkenlik gösterebilmektedir. Gözlemlenen aktivite sonuçlarındaki farklılığın daha iyi aydınlatılabilmesi için uçucu yağların karakterizasyonunun yapılması önem taşımaktadır.

Keywords

Ağız sağlığı, antibakteriyel aktivite, kekik, uçucu yağ

References

• 1. Peres, M.A., Macpherson, L.M.D., Weyant, R.J., Daly, B., Venturelli, R., Mathur, M.R., Listl, S., Celeste, R.K., Guarnizo-Herreño, C.C., Kearns, C., Benzian, H., Allison, P., Watt, R.G. (2019). Oral diseases: A global public health challenge. The Lancet, 394(10194), 249-260. [CrossRef]
• 2. Palombo, E.A. (2011). Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: Potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: ECAM, 2011, 15. [CrossRef]
• 3. Jain, N., Dutt, U., Radenkov, I., Jain, S. (2024). WHO’s global oral health status report 2022: Actions, discussion and implementation. Oral Diseases, 30(2), 73-79. [CrossRef]
• 4. Kassebaum, N.J., Smith, A.G.C., Bernabé, E., Fleming, T.D., Reynolds, A.E., Vos, T., Murray, C.J.L., Marcenes, W., Abyu, G.Y., Alsharif, U., Asayesh, H., Benzian, H., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Kasaeian, A., Khader, Y.S., Khang, Y.H., Kokubo, Y., Kotsakis, G.A., Yonemoto, N. (2017). Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years for oral conditions for 195 countries, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. Journal of Dental Research, 96(4), 380-387. [CrossRef]
• 5. Wen, Z.T., Huang, X., Ellepola, K., Liao, S., Li, Y. (2022). Lactobacilli and human dental caries: More than mechanical retention. Microbiology (United Kingdom), 168(6), 001196. [CrossRef]
• 6. Alghamdi, F., Shakir, M. (2020). The Influence of Enterococcus faecalis as a dental root canal pathogen on endodontic treatment: A systematic review. Cureus, 12(3), e7257. [CrossRef]
• 7. Balappanavar, A., Sardana, V., Singh, M. (2013). Comparison of the effectiveness of 0.5% tea, 2% neem and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwashes on oral health: A randomized control trial. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 24(1), 26. [CrossRef]
• 8. Batista, A.L.A., Diógenes Alves UchÔa Lins, R., de Souza Coelho, R., do Nascimento Barbosa, D., Moura Belém, N., Alves Celestino, F.J. (2014). Clinical efficacy analysis of the mouth rinsing with pomegranate and chamomile plant extracts in the gingival bleeding reduction. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 20(1), 93-98. [CrossRef]
• 9. Nagy-Bota, M.C., Man, A., Santacroce, L., Brinzaniuc, K., Pap, Z., Pacurar, M., Pribac, M., Ciurea, C.N., Pintea-Simon, I.A., Kovacs, M. (2021). Essential Oils as alternatives for root-canal treatment and infection control against Enterococcus faecalis-A Preliminary Study. Applied Sciences, 11(4), 1422. [CrossRef]
• 10. Bunse, M., Daniels, R., Gründemann, C., Heilmann, J., Kammerer, D.R., Keusgen, M., Lindequist, U., Melzig, M.F., Morlock, G.E., Schulz, H., Schweiggert, R., Simon, M., Stintzing, F.C., Wink, M. (2022). Essential Oils as multicomponent mixtures and their potential for human health and well-being. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 956541. [CrossRef]
• 11. Elangovan, S., Mudgil, P. (2023). Antibacterial properties of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil against MRSA: A systematic review. Antibiotics, 12(3), 474. [CrossRef]
• 12. Sharifi-Rad, J., Sureda, A., Tenore, G.C., Daglia, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Valussi, M., Tundis, R., Sharifi-Rad, M., Loizzo, M.R., Oluwaseun Ademiluyi, A., Sharifi-Rad, R., Ayatollahi, S.A., Iriti, M. (2017). Biological activities of essential oils: From plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules, 22(1), 70. [CrossRef]
• 13. Gurgan, S., Vural, U.K., Atalay, C., Tassery, H., Miletic, I., Gurpinar, S.S. (2022). Antibacterial activity and biofilm ınhibition of new-generation hybrid/fluoride-releasing restorative materials. Applied Sciences, 12(5), 2434. [CrossRef]
• 14. Hudzicki, J. (2009). Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. American Society for Microbiology, 1-23.
• 15. Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., Ibnsouda, S.K. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(2), 71. [CrossRef]
• 16. Galvão, L.C.D.C., Furletti, V.F., Bersan, S.M.F., Da Cunha, M.G., Ruiz, A.L.T.G., de Carvalho, J.E., Sartoratto, A., Rehder, V.L.G., Figueira, G.M., Teixeira Duarte, M.C., Ikegaki, M., De Alencar, S.M., Rosalen, P.L. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Streptococcus mutans and their antiproliferative effects. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012(1), 751435. [CrossRef]
• 17. Wassel, M.O., Khattab, M.A. (2017). Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and inhibition of bacterial induced enamel demineralization of propolis, miswak, and chitosan nanoparticles based dental varnishes. Journal of Advanced Research, 8(4), 387. [CrossRef]
• 18. Anisimova, E.A., Yarullina, D.R. (2019). Antibiotic resistance of lactobacillus strains. Current Microbiology, 76(12), 1407-1416. [CrossRef]
• 19. Dunn, L.L., Davidson, P.M., Critzer, F.J. (2016). Antimicrobial efficacy of an array of essential Oils against lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Food Science, 81(2), 438-444. [CrossRef]
• 20. Bubonja-Sonje, M., Giacometti, J., Abram, M. (2011). Antioxidant and antilisterial activity of olive oil, cocoa and rosemary extract polyphenols. Food Chemistry, 127(4), 1821-1827. [CrossRef]
• 21. King, T., Dykes, G., Kristianti, R. (2008). Comparative evaluation of methods commonly used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility to plant extracts and phenolic compounds. Journal Of AOAC Internatıonal, 91(6), 1423-1429. [CrossRef]
• 22. Valgas, C., De Souza, S.M., Smânia, E.F.A., Smânia, A. (2007). Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38(2), 369-380. [CrossRef]
• 23. Mirtaghi, S.M., Nejad, P.T., Masoumeh Mazandarani, M., Livani, F., Bagheri, H. (2016). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Urtica dioica L. leaf ethanolic extract using agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods. Medical Laboratory Journal, 10(5), 15-21. [CrossRef]
• 24. Kawhena, T.G., Opara, U.L., Fawole, O.A. (2021). A Comparative Study of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Plant Essential Oils and Extracts as Candidate Ingredients for Edible Coatings to Control Decay in ‘Wonderful’ Pomegranate. Molecules, 26(11), 3367. [CrossRef]
• 25. Park, C., Yoon, H. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of Essential oil against oral strain. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry, 14(4), 216-221. [CrossRef]
• 26. Galovičová, L., Borotová, P., Valková, V., Vukovic, N.L., Vukic, M., Štefániková, J., Ďúranová, H., Kowalczewski, P.L., Čmiková, N., Kačániová, M. (2021). Thymus vulgaris essential oil and its biological activity, 10(9), 1959. [CrossRef]