Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 19 - 40, 07.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.52675/jhesp.1723717

Abstract

References

  • Akıllı, E. (2023). Türkiye’de ve dünyada yükseköğrenimde uluslararasılaşma. Kriter Dergi, 8(82).
  • Akinola, B. A. (2014). Health problems of international students in universities/colleges: An India perspective. World Journal of Public Health Sciences, 2(1), 6–12.
  • Andrade, M. S. (2009). The effects of English language proficiency on adjustment to university life. International Multilingual Research Journal, 3(1), 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313150802668249
  • Augoustinos, M., Beasley, C., & Hanson-Easey, S. (2011). Overseas students health lens project: Improving the health and wellbeing of overseas students undertaking post-secondary study in SA in the VET Sector. Report for SA Health.
  • Baker, D. W. (2006). The meaning and the measure of health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 878–883. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00540.x
  • Baş, H., & Eti, S. (2020). Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrencilerin istihdamı: Hukuki boyut ve koşullara dair bir araştırma. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20(46), 105–132. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v20i54504.538022
  • Bazı Alacakların Yeniden Yapılandırılması ile Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu ve Diğer Bazı Kanun ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun. (2011, February 25). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/02/20110225M1-1.htm
  • Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S. L., Donahue, K. E., Halpern, D. J., & Crotty, K. (2011). Low health literacy and health outcomes: An updated systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005
  • Burt, B. A., Knight, A., & Roberson, J. (2017). Racializing experiences of foreign-born and ethnically diverse Black male engineering graduate students: Implications for student affairs practice, policy, and research. Journal of International Students, 7(4), 925–943. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i4.182
  • Cheng, H. I. (2004). Being ill in a foreign land: International students’ perceptions of and experiences with university health services. Kaleidoscope: A Graduate Journal of Qualitative Communication Research, 3, 70–92.
  • Citak Tunc, G., Citak Bilgin, N., & Cerit, B. (2021). The relationship between international students’ health perceptions and their healthy lifestyle behaviors. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(6), 4331–4344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01336-0
  • Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye (1982). https://cdn.tbmm.gov.tr/TbmmWeb/Anayasa/anayasa_2018.pdf
  • Contreras-Aguirre, H. C., & Gonzalez, G. Y. (2017). Experiences of international female students in U.S. graduate programs. College Student Journal, 51(1), 33–46.
  • Cornett, S. (2009). Assessing and addressing health literacy. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol14No03Man02
  • Council of Europe. (1996). European Social Charter (revised) (European Treaty Series - No. 163). https://rm.coe.int/168007cf93
  • Fischer, K. (2011, May 29). College adapt to new kinds of students from abroad. The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/article/Colleges-Educate-a-New-Kind-of/127704/
  • Forbes-Mewett, H., & Sawyer, A.-M. (2016). International students and mental health. Journal of International Students, 6(3), 661–677. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i3.348
  • Greenhalgh, T. (2015). Health literacy: Towards system level solutions. BMJ, 350. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1026
  • Hyun, J., Quinn, B., Madon, T., & Lustig, S. (2007). Mental health need, awareness, and use of counseling services among international graduate students. Journal of American College Health, 56(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.2.109-118
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). (1966, December 16). https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/cescr.pdf
  • Jaeger, F. N., Pellaud, N., Laville, B., & Klauser, P. (2019). The migration-related language barrier and professional interpreter use in primary health care in Switzerland. BMC Health Services Research, 19, 429. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4164-4
  • LaMontagne, A. D., Shann, C., Lolicato, E., Newton, D., Owen, P. J., Tomyn, A. J., & Reavley, N. J. (2023). Mental health-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours in a cross-sectional sample of Australian university students: A comparison of domestic and international students. BMC Public Health, 23, 170. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15123-x
  • Lee, J. J. (2014). Engaging international students. In S. J. Quaye & S. R. Harper (Eds.), Student engagement in higher education: Theoretical perspectives and practical approaches for diverse populations (2nd Edition). (pp. 105–120). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203810163
  • Martin, S., & Dyer, J. (2017). Health maintenance practices and healthcare experiences among international university students. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 29(11), 651–657. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12524
  • Masai, A. N., Güçiz-Doğan, B., Ouma, P. N., Nyadera, I. N, & Ruto, V. K. (2021). Healthcare services utilization among international students in Ankara, Turkey: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research 21, 311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06301-x
  • Mesidor, J. K., & Sly, K. F. (2016). Factors that contribute to the adjustment of international students. Journal of International Students, 6(1), 262–282. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i1.569
  • Misra, R., & Castillo, L. G. (2004). Academic stress among college students: Comparison of American and international students. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(2), 132–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.11.2.132
  • Mori, S. C. (2000). Addressing the mental health concerns of international students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02571.x
  • Newton, D. C., Tomyn, A. J., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2021). Exploring the challenges and opportunities for improving the health and wellbeing of international students: Perspectives of international students. JANZSSA - Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Student Services Association, 29(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.30688/janzssa.2021.1.02
  • Poljski, C., Quiazon, R., & Tran, C. (2014). Ensuring rights: Improving access to sexual and reproductive health services for female international students in Australia. Journal of International Students, 4(2), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v4i2.475
  • Poyrazli, S., & Grahame, K. M. (2007). Barriers to adjustment: Needs of international students within a semi-urban campus community. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 34(1), 28–45.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health. (2023). 2024–2028 Stratejik planı. https:// dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/47452/0/saglik-bakanligi-stratejik-plan-2024-2028pdf.pdf?_ tag1=7B2A9834832BF7DCF36F2C7E5607D8543752A372
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Interior Presidency of Migration Management. (2022). Türkiye’de sağlık sistemi. https://www.goc.gov.tr/turkiyede-yasam-brosurleri
  • Rienties, B., Beausaert, S., Grohnert, T., Niemantsverdriet, S., & Kommers, P. (2012). Understanding academic performance of international students: The role of ethnicity, academic and social integration. Higher Education, 63, 685–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9468-1
  • Rosenthal, D. A., Russell, J., & Thomson, G. (2008). The health and wellbeing of international students at an Australian university. Higher Education, 55, 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-006-9037-1
  • Sherry, M., Thomas, P., & Chui, W. H. (2010). International students: A vulnerable student population. Higher Education, 60, 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-009-9284-z
  • Skromanis, S., Cooling, N., Rodgers, B., Purton, T., Fan, F., Bridgman, H., Harris, K., Presser, J., & Mond, J. (2018). Health and well-being of international university students, and comparison with domestic students, in Tasmania, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061147
  • Social Security Institution (SGK). (2014). Yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin genel sağlık sigortalılığı hakkında önemli duyuru. https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Download/DownloadFile?d=8882bf04-0871- 4924-a586-86f0e01f1b87&f=9408d898-bc4f-4ddb-ac73-8b865a2b255a.pdf
  • Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu ile Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun. (2013, May 29). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2013/05/20130529-11.htm
  • Tanör, B., & Yüzbaşıoğlu, N. (2018). 1982 Anayasasına göre Türk anayasa hukuku (12th Edition). Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Türkiye’de Öğrenim Gören Yabancı Uyruklu Öğrencilere İlişkin Kanun. (1983, October 19). https:// www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc066/kanundmc066/ kanundmc06602922.pdf
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP). (2010). National action plan to improve health literacy. https://health.gov/sites/default/ files/2019-09/Health_Literacy_Action_Plan.pdf
  • Vidourek, R. A., King, K. A., Nabors, L. A., & Merianos, A. L. (2014). Students’ benefits and barriers to mental health help-seeking. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 2(1), 1009–1022. https:// doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2014.963586
  • Wu, H.-P., Garza, E., & Guzman, N. (2015). International student’s challenge and adjustment to college. Education Research International, 2015(1), 202753. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/202753
  • Xiaoqiong, H. (2008). The culture shock that Asian students experience in immersion education. Changing English, 15(1), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13586840701825378
  • Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı Teşkilat ve Görevleri Hakkında Kanun. (2010, April 6). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/04/20100406-1.htm
  • Yükseköğretim Kanunu. (1981, November 6). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/17506.pdf

The Right of International Students to Access Healthcare in Practice and Turkish Legal Legislation

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 19 - 40, 07.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.52675/jhesp.1723717

Abstract

The subject of this study is the right of international students studying in Turkey to access healthcare services. The study examines the healthcare access processes of international students in Turkey within the framework of both normative (legal) regulations and practical challenges. The main focus of the research is how international students benefit from healthcare services during their educational journey, the legal foundations of this process, and the structural barriers encountered in practice. The aim of this study is to present the legal regulations regarding the right to health for international students in Turkey and to analyze how these regulations are implemented in practice, thereby identifying existing structural problem areas. Particular emphasis is placed on how elements such as bureaucratic complexity in health insurance procedures, language barriers, and lack of information restrict students’ access to this right. The significance of this study stems from the fact that the effectiveness of services provided to international students within the framework of Turkey’s higher education internationalization policies is directly related to their access to healthcare services. When equal and effective access to the right to health cannot be ensured, not only do individual grievances arise, but Turkey’s inclusive vision in international education is also weakened. Therefore, this issue is not merely a matter of healthcare provision but also has strategic importance in terms of educational policies and foreign policy. In this study, a qualitative research methodology has been adopted, and legal documents, official reports, and policy papers have been examined thematically. Through this method, the discrepancies between legal regulations and actual practice have been systematically revealed.

References

  • Akıllı, E. (2023). Türkiye’de ve dünyada yükseköğrenimde uluslararasılaşma. Kriter Dergi, 8(82).
  • Akinola, B. A. (2014). Health problems of international students in universities/colleges: An India perspective. World Journal of Public Health Sciences, 2(1), 6–12.
  • Andrade, M. S. (2009). The effects of English language proficiency on adjustment to university life. International Multilingual Research Journal, 3(1), 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313150802668249
  • Augoustinos, M., Beasley, C., & Hanson-Easey, S. (2011). Overseas students health lens project: Improving the health and wellbeing of overseas students undertaking post-secondary study in SA in the VET Sector. Report for SA Health.
  • Baker, D. W. (2006). The meaning and the measure of health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 878–883. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00540.x
  • Baş, H., & Eti, S. (2020). Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrencilerin istihdamı: Hukuki boyut ve koşullara dair bir araştırma. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20(46), 105–132. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v20i54504.538022
  • Bazı Alacakların Yeniden Yapılandırılması ile Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu ve Diğer Bazı Kanun ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun. (2011, February 25). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/02/20110225M1-1.htm
  • Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S. L., Donahue, K. E., Halpern, D. J., & Crotty, K. (2011). Low health literacy and health outcomes: An updated systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005
  • Burt, B. A., Knight, A., & Roberson, J. (2017). Racializing experiences of foreign-born and ethnically diverse Black male engineering graduate students: Implications for student affairs practice, policy, and research. Journal of International Students, 7(4), 925–943. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i4.182
  • Cheng, H. I. (2004). Being ill in a foreign land: International students’ perceptions of and experiences with university health services. Kaleidoscope: A Graduate Journal of Qualitative Communication Research, 3, 70–92.
  • Citak Tunc, G., Citak Bilgin, N., & Cerit, B. (2021). The relationship between international students’ health perceptions and their healthy lifestyle behaviors. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(6), 4331–4344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01336-0
  • Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye (1982). https://cdn.tbmm.gov.tr/TbmmWeb/Anayasa/anayasa_2018.pdf
  • Contreras-Aguirre, H. C., & Gonzalez, G. Y. (2017). Experiences of international female students in U.S. graduate programs. College Student Journal, 51(1), 33–46.
  • Cornett, S. (2009). Assessing and addressing health literacy. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol14No03Man02
  • Council of Europe. (1996). European Social Charter (revised) (European Treaty Series - No. 163). https://rm.coe.int/168007cf93
  • Fischer, K. (2011, May 29). College adapt to new kinds of students from abroad. The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/article/Colleges-Educate-a-New-Kind-of/127704/
  • Forbes-Mewett, H., & Sawyer, A.-M. (2016). International students and mental health. Journal of International Students, 6(3), 661–677. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i3.348
  • Greenhalgh, T. (2015). Health literacy: Towards system level solutions. BMJ, 350. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1026
  • Hyun, J., Quinn, B., Madon, T., & Lustig, S. (2007). Mental health need, awareness, and use of counseling services among international graduate students. Journal of American College Health, 56(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.2.109-118
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). (1966, December 16). https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/cescr.pdf
  • Jaeger, F. N., Pellaud, N., Laville, B., & Klauser, P. (2019). The migration-related language barrier and professional interpreter use in primary health care in Switzerland. BMC Health Services Research, 19, 429. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4164-4
  • LaMontagne, A. D., Shann, C., Lolicato, E., Newton, D., Owen, P. J., Tomyn, A. J., & Reavley, N. J. (2023). Mental health-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours in a cross-sectional sample of Australian university students: A comparison of domestic and international students. BMC Public Health, 23, 170. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15123-x
  • Lee, J. J. (2014). Engaging international students. In S. J. Quaye & S. R. Harper (Eds.), Student engagement in higher education: Theoretical perspectives and practical approaches for diverse populations (2nd Edition). (pp. 105–120). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203810163
  • Martin, S., & Dyer, J. (2017). Health maintenance practices and healthcare experiences among international university students. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 29(11), 651–657. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12524
  • Masai, A. N., Güçiz-Doğan, B., Ouma, P. N., Nyadera, I. N, & Ruto, V. K. (2021). Healthcare services utilization among international students in Ankara, Turkey: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research 21, 311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06301-x
  • Mesidor, J. K., & Sly, K. F. (2016). Factors that contribute to the adjustment of international students. Journal of International Students, 6(1), 262–282. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i1.569
  • Misra, R., & Castillo, L. G. (2004). Academic stress among college students: Comparison of American and international students. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(2), 132–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.11.2.132
  • Mori, S. C. (2000). Addressing the mental health concerns of international students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02571.x
  • Newton, D. C., Tomyn, A. J., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2021). Exploring the challenges and opportunities for improving the health and wellbeing of international students: Perspectives of international students. JANZSSA - Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Student Services Association, 29(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.30688/janzssa.2021.1.02
  • Poljski, C., Quiazon, R., & Tran, C. (2014). Ensuring rights: Improving access to sexual and reproductive health services for female international students in Australia. Journal of International Students, 4(2), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v4i2.475
  • Poyrazli, S., & Grahame, K. M. (2007). Barriers to adjustment: Needs of international students within a semi-urban campus community. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 34(1), 28–45.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health. (2023). 2024–2028 Stratejik planı. https:// dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/47452/0/saglik-bakanligi-stratejik-plan-2024-2028pdf.pdf?_ tag1=7B2A9834832BF7DCF36F2C7E5607D8543752A372
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Interior Presidency of Migration Management. (2022). Türkiye’de sağlık sistemi. https://www.goc.gov.tr/turkiyede-yasam-brosurleri
  • Rienties, B., Beausaert, S., Grohnert, T., Niemantsverdriet, S., & Kommers, P. (2012). Understanding academic performance of international students: The role of ethnicity, academic and social integration. Higher Education, 63, 685–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9468-1
  • Rosenthal, D. A., Russell, J., & Thomson, G. (2008). The health and wellbeing of international students at an Australian university. Higher Education, 55, 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-006-9037-1
  • Sherry, M., Thomas, P., & Chui, W. H. (2010). International students: A vulnerable student population. Higher Education, 60, 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-009-9284-z
  • Skromanis, S., Cooling, N., Rodgers, B., Purton, T., Fan, F., Bridgman, H., Harris, K., Presser, J., & Mond, J. (2018). Health and well-being of international university students, and comparison with domestic students, in Tasmania, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061147
  • Social Security Institution (SGK). (2014). Yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin genel sağlık sigortalılığı hakkında önemli duyuru. https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Download/DownloadFile?d=8882bf04-0871- 4924-a586-86f0e01f1b87&f=9408d898-bc4f-4ddb-ac73-8b865a2b255a.pdf
  • Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu ile Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun. (2013, May 29). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2013/05/20130529-11.htm
  • Tanör, B., & Yüzbaşıoğlu, N. (2018). 1982 Anayasasına göre Türk anayasa hukuku (12th Edition). Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Türkiye’de Öğrenim Gören Yabancı Uyruklu Öğrencilere İlişkin Kanun. (1983, October 19). https:// www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc066/kanundmc066/ kanundmc06602922.pdf
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP). (2010). National action plan to improve health literacy. https://health.gov/sites/default/ files/2019-09/Health_Literacy_Action_Plan.pdf
  • Vidourek, R. A., King, K. A., Nabors, L. A., & Merianos, A. L. (2014). Students’ benefits and barriers to mental health help-seeking. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 2(1), 1009–1022. https:// doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2014.963586
  • Wu, H.-P., Garza, E., & Guzman, N. (2015). International student’s challenge and adjustment to college. Education Research International, 2015(1), 202753. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/202753
  • Xiaoqiong, H. (2008). The culture shock that Asian students experience in immersion education. Changing English, 15(1), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13586840701825378
  • Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı Teşkilat ve Görevleri Hakkında Kanun. (2010, April 6). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/04/20100406-1.htm
  • Yükseköğretim Kanunu. (1981, November 6). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/17506.pdf
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Policy
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Gurur Gülce Beşe 0000-0003-4571-0914

Fırat Semih Avşar 0009-0001-0193-883X

Publication Date August 7, 2025
Submission Date June 20, 2025
Acceptance Date June 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Beşe, G. G., & Avşar, F. S. (2025). The Right of International Students to Access Healthcare in Practice and Turkish Legal Legislation. Journal of Health Systems and Policies, 7(1), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.52675/jhesp.1723717

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