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Evaluation of the sonographic characteristics of thyroid nodules in the endemic region and the results of fine needle aspiration biopsy

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 336 - 339, 18.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.744704

Abstract

Aim: The incidence of thyroid cancers has been increasing in recent years and is more common in endemic thyroid diseases region. Thyroid ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration biopsy are the first diagnostic procedures. Accordingly, in this study, ultrasonography findings and fine needle aspiration biopsies of thyroid nodules in the endemic region were evaluated.
Material and Method: Data of 70 patients who were followed up due to nodular goiter and who were given fine needle aspiration biopsy indication were evaluated retrospectively. Information of the maximum transverse size, anteroposterior size, nodule content, shape, nodule margin, halo presence, echogenicity, presence of calcification, presence of lymphadenopathy, localization and number from patients’ ultrasonography’s recorded and compared in terms of fine needle aspiration biopsy results.
Results: Fifty three of 70 fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnoses (75.7%) were benign and 10 of them were malign (14.3%). The results of 7 patients (10%) were non-diagnostic. When the relationship of nodule characteristics and malignancy is evaluated; there was a statistically significant difference according to echogenicity, calcification and nodule count, but no significant difference was observed to other variables. According to the ANOVA, a significantly higher malignancy rate was detected in nodules containing macrocalcification than those without calcification (p=0.005), hypoechoic nodules to isoechoic (p=0.001) and hyperechoic (p=0.008) nodules and in multiple nodules (p=0.026).
Conclusion: Our ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration biopsy results in an endemic thyroid diseases region are compatible with current national and international data. Our data can be supported by prospective studies to be compared with fine needle aspiration biopsy results in non-endemic regions and surgical results.

References

  • 1. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2017. Bethesda, MD; National Cancer Institute 2013; 21: 12.
  • 2. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Kanser Daire Başkanlığı, Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri 2015, Ankara, 2015.
  • 3. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Kanser Daire Başkanlığı, Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri 2015, Ankara, 2014.
  • 4. Kanser Dairesi Başkanlığı. Tiroid Kanserleri, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Tiroid Kanserleri. Rapor No:5, Ankara, 2016.
  • 5. Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA 2006;295(18):2164-7.
  • 6. La Vecchia C, Malvezzi M, Bosetti C, el al. Thyroid cancer mortality and incidence: a global overview. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:2187-95.
  • 7. Lim H, Devesa SS, Sosa JA, Check D, Kitahara CM. Trends in thyroid cancer ıncidence and mortality in the United States, 1974-2013. JAMA. 2017;317:1338-48.
  • 8. Lv C, Yang Y, Jiang L, et al. Association between chronic exposure to different water iodine and thyroid cancer: a retrospective study from 1995 to 2014. Sci Total Environ 2017;609:35-741.
  • 9. Der EM. Follicular thyroid carcinoma in a country of endemic ıodine deficiency (1994-2013). J Thyroid Res 2018;25;2018:6516035.
  • 10. Mathai AM, Preetha K, Valsala Devi S, Vicliph S, Pradeep R, Shaick A. Analysis of malignant thyroid neoplasms with a striking rise of papillary microcarcinoma in an endemic goiter region. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019;71:121-30. doi: 10.1007/s12070-017-1156-8.
  • 11. Burch HB, Burman KD, Reed HL, Buckner L, Raber T, Ownbey JL. Fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules determinants of insufficiency rate and malignancy yield at thyroidectomy. Acta Cytol 1996;40:1176-83.
  • 12. Frates MC, Benson CB, Charboneau JW, et al. Society of radiologists in ultrasound: management of thyroid nodules detected at US: society of radiologists in ultrasound consensus conference statement. Radiology 2005;237:794-800.
  • 13. Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA, et al. Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules: relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity” Am J Med 1992;93:363–9.
  • 14. Parikh HK, Rao RS, Shrikhande SS, Havaldar R, Deshmane VH, Parikh DM. Prognosticators of survival in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;53:6–10,
  • 15. Mulaudzi TV, Ramdial PK, MadibaTE, Callaghan RA. Thyroid carcinoma at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa. East Afr Med J 2001;78:242-5.
  • 16. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2016;26:1–133.
  • 17. Shin JH, Baek JH, Chung J, et al. Ultrasonography diagnosis and ımaging-based management of thyroid nodules: revised Korean society of thyroid radiology consensus statement and recommendations. Korean J Radiol 2016;17:370–95.
  • 18. Yüksekkaya ZR, Çelikyay F, Bağcı P, Coşkunoğlu EZ. Benign ve Malign Tiroid Nodüllerinde Ultrasonografi Bulguları. F.Ü.Sağ.Bil.Tıp Derg. 2011:25:77-82.
  • 19. Salmaslioğlu A, Erbil Y, Dural C, et al. Predictive value of sonographic features in preoperative evaluation of malignant thyroid nodules in a multinodular goiter. World J Surg 2008;32:1948-54.
  • 20. Kim EK, Park CS, Chung WY, et al. New sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;178:687-91.
  • 21. Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists, american college of endocrinology and associazione medici endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules 2016 update. Endocr Pract 2016;22:622-39.
  • 22. Lii YK, Park KH, Song YD, et al. Changes in the diagnostic efficiency of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy during the era of ıncreased thyroid cancer screening in Korea. Cancer Res Treat 2019;51:1430–6.
  • 23. Lin JS, Bowles EJA, Williams SB, Morrison CC. Screening for thyroid cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA 2017;317:1888-903.
  • 24. US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Screening for thyroid cancer: US Preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA 2017;317:1882-7.
  • 25. Salmaslıoğlu A, Bulakçı M. Tiroid kanserlerinde tarama, tanı, izlem. Trd Sem 2018;6:483-95.

Endemik bölgede tiroid nodüllerinin sonografik özellikleri ve ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsi sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 336 - 339, 18.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.744704

Abstract

Amaç: Tiroid kanserleri görülme sıklığı son yıllarda giderek artmakta ve tiroid hastalıkları açısından endemik bölgelerde daha da sık rastlanmaktadır. Tanı amaçlı ilk yapılacak işlemlerin başında tiroid ultrasonografik görüntüleme ve ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsisidir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada endemik bölgedeki tiroid nodüllerin ultrasonografik görüntüleme bulguları ve yapılan ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsileri değerlendirilmiştir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Nodüler guatr nedeni ile takip edilen ve ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsisi endikasyonu konulan 70 hastanın verileri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Tüm hastaların ultrasonografik görüntülerinde belirlenen nodülün maksimum transvers boyutu, Anteroposterior boyutu, nodül içeriği, şekli, nodül sınırları, halo varlığı, ekojenitesi, kalsifikasyon varlığı, lenfadenopati varlığı, lokalizasyon ve sayı bilgileri kaydedilerek ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsi sonuçları açısından karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: İnce iğne aspirasyon biyopsisi yapılan 70 hastanın 53’üne benign (%75,7), 10’una malign (%14,3) tiroid nodülü tanısı konuldu. 7 hastanın (%10) sonucu ise non-diagnostik olarak raporlandı. Nodül özelliklerinin malignite ile ilişkisinin değerlendirildiğinde; ekojenite, kalsifikasyon ve nodül sayısına göre istatistiksel anlamlı fark saptanırken diğer değişkenlere göre anlamlı fark gözlenmedi. ANOVA incelemesinde hipoekoik nodüllerde, izoekoik (p=0,001) ve hiperekoik (p=0,008) nodüllere göre; makrokalsifikasyon içeren nodüllerde kalsifikasyon izlenmeyenlere (p=0,005) göre ve tek nodüllerde multiple nodüllere göre (p=0,026) anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek malignite oranı saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Tiroid hastalıkları açısından endemik bir bölgede yapılan ultrasonografik görüntüleme ve ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsi sonuçlarımız güncel ulusal ve uluslararası veriler ile uyumludur. Daha fazla hasta sayısı ile cerrahi sonuçları ve endemik olmayan bölgelerdeki ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsi sonuçları ile karşılaştırmalı yapılacak prospektif çalışmalar ile verilerimiz desteklenebilir.

References

  • 1. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2017. Bethesda, MD; National Cancer Institute 2013; 21: 12.
  • 2. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Kanser Daire Başkanlığı, Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri 2015, Ankara, 2015.
  • 3. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Kanser Daire Başkanlığı, Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri 2015, Ankara, 2014.
  • 4. Kanser Dairesi Başkanlığı. Tiroid Kanserleri, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Tiroid Kanserleri. Rapor No:5, Ankara, 2016.
  • 5. Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA 2006;295(18):2164-7.
  • 6. La Vecchia C, Malvezzi M, Bosetti C, el al. Thyroid cancer mortality and incidence: a global overview. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:2187-95.
  • 7. Lim H, Devesa SS, Sosa JA, Check D, Kitahara CM. Trends in thyroid cancer ıncidence and mortality in the United States, 1974-2013. JAMA. 2017;317:1338-48.
  • 8. Lv C, Yang Y, Jiang L, et al. Association between chronic exposure to different water iodine and thyroid cancer: a retrospective study from 1995 to 2014. Sci Total Environ 2017;609:35-741.
  • 9. Der EM. Follicular thyroid carcinoma in a country of endemic ıodine deficiency (1994-2013). J Thyroid Res 2018;25;2018:6516035.
  • 10. Mathai AM, Preetha K, Valsala Devi S, Vicliph S, Pradeep R, Shaick A. Analysis of malignant thyroid neoplasms with a striking rise of papillary microcarcinoma in an endemic goiter region. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019;71:121-30. doi: 10.1007/s12070-017-1156-8.
  • 11. Burch HB, Burman KD, Reed HL, Buckner L, Raber T, Ownbey JL. Fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules determinants of insufficiency rate and malignancy yield at thyroidectomy. Acta Cytol 1996;40:1176-83.
  • 12. Frates MC, Benson CB, Charboneau JW, et al. Society of radiologists in ultrasound: management of thyroid nodules detected at US: society of radiologists in ultrasound consensus conference statement. Radiology 2005;237:794-800.
  • 13. Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA, et al. Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules: relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity” Am J Med 1992;93:363–9.
  • 14. Parikh HK, Rao RS, Shrikhande SS, Havaldar R, Deshmane VH, Parikh DM. Prognosticators of survival in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;53:6–10,
  • 15. Mulaudzi TV, Ramdial PK, MadibaTE, Callaghan RA. Thyroid carcinoma at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa. East Afr Med J 2001;78:242-5.
  • 16. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2016;26:1–133.
  • 17. Shin JH, Baek JH, Chung J, et al. Ultrasonography diagnosis and ımaging-based management of thyroid nodules: revised Korean society of thyroid radiology consensus statement and recommendations. Korean J Radiol 2016;17:370–95.
  • 18. Yüksekkaya ZR, Çelikyay F, Bağcı P, Coşkunoğlu EZ. Benign ve Malign Tiroid Nodüllerinde Ultrasonografi Bulguları. F.Ü.Sağ.Bil.Tıp Derg. 2011:25:77-82.
  • 19. Salmaslioğlu A, Erbil Y, Dural C, et al. Predictive value of sonographic features in preoperative evaluation of malignant thyroid nodules in a multinodular goiter. World J Surg 2008;32:1948-54.
  • 20. Kim EK, Park CS, Chung WY, et al. New sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;178:687-91.
  • 21. Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists, american college of endocrinology and associazione medici endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules 2016 update. Endocr Pract 2016;22:622-39.
  • 22. Lii YK, Park KH, Song YD, et al. Changes in the diagnostic efficiency of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy during the era of ıncreased thyroid cancer screening in Korea. Cancer Res Treat 2019;51:1430–6.
  • 23. Lin JS, Bowles EJA, Williams SB, Morrison CC. Screening for thyroid cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA 2017;317:1888-903.
  • 24. US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Screening for thyroid cancer: US Preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA 2017;317:1882-7.
  • 25. Salmaslıoğlu A, Bulakçı M. Tiroid kanserlerinde tarama, tanı, izlem. Trd Sem 2018;6:483-95.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Özlem Demircioğlu

Publication Date June 18, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Demircioğlu Ö. Endemik bölgede tiroid nodüllerinin sonografik özellikleri ve ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsi sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. June 2020;3(3):336-339. doi:10.32322/jhsm.744704

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