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Anal canal cancers

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 1195 - 1198, 20.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1054519

Abstract

Although anal canal cancer is rare, its incidence has increased in the last 30 years, especially in young men. The most common pathological type is squamous cell carcinoma. Definitive histopathological diagnosis is made by biopsy. “American Joint Committee on Cancer” (AJCC) TNM staging is used for staging. The standard approach in treatment is radiochemotherapy, and surgery is applied in persistent or recurrent failure.

References

  • Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Yeni Gelen LM, Schwartz SM, Daling JR. Anal kanser insidansı ve sağkalım: sürveyans, epidemiyoloji ve nihai sonuçlar deneyimi, 1973-2000. Yengeç Burcu 2004; 101: 281–288.
  • Uronis HE, Bendell JC. Anal kanser: genel bir bakış. Onkolog 2007; 12: 524–34.
  • Hoots BE, Palefsky JM, Pimenta JM, Smith JS. Anal kanser ve anal intraepitelyal lezyonlarda insan papilloma virüsü tipi dağılımı. Int J Kanser 2009; 124: 2375–83.
  • American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures 2019. Atlanta (GA): American Cancer Society; 2019.
  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68: 7.
  • Klas JV, Rothenberger DA, Wong WD, Madoff RD. Malignant tumors of the anal canal: the spectrum of disease, treatment, and outcomes. Cancer 1999; 85: 1686.
  • Welton ML, Steele SR, Goodman KA, et al. Anus. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th ed, Amin MB (Ed), AJCC, Chicago 2017. p.275.
  • Keighley MRB. Malignant tumors of the anal canal and anus. In Keighley MRB, Williams NS (Eds) 2nd edition. WB Saunders Co. LondonNew York, 1999; 1303-29.
  • Whiteford MH, Stevens KR, Oh S, et al. Th e evolving treatment of the anal cancer. How are we doing? Arch Surg 2001; 136: 886-91.
  • Nivatgongs S. Perianal and anal canal neoplasms. In Principles and Practice of Surgery for the Colon, Rectum and Anus. Gordon PN, Nivatgongs S (Eds). Quality Medical Inc. St Louis, Missouuri, 1999; 447-73.
  • Jensen SL, Hagen K, Harling H, et al. Long term prognosis after radical treatment for squamaous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and anal margin. Dis Colon Rectum 1988; 31: 273-8.
  • Cummins BJ, Th omas GM, Keane TS. Primary radiation therapy in the treatment of anal canal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1982; 25: 778-82.
  • Papillon J, Montbarken JF. Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: a series of 276 cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1987; 30: 324-8.
  • Nigro ND, Vaitkevicius VK, Considine B. Combined theraphy for cancer of the anal canal: a preliminary report. Dis Colon Rectum 1974; 17: 354- 61.
  • Flam M, John M, Pajak TF, et al. Role of mitomycin in combination with fluorouracil and radiotherapy, and of salvage chemoradiation in the definitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of a phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2527.
  • Northover J, Glynne-Jones R, Sebag-Montefiore D, et al. Chemoradiation fort he treatment of epidermoid anal cancer: 13-year follow-up of the first randomised UKCCCCR Anal cancer Trial(ACT1). Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1123-8.
  • Whiteford MH, Stevens KR, Oh S, et al. Th e evolving treatment of the anal cancer. How are we doing? Arch Surg 2001; 136: 886-91.
  • Nigro ND. An evaluation of combined threaphy for squamous cell cancer of the anal canal. Dis Colon Rectum 1984; 27: 763-65.
  • Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, et al. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299: 1914-21.
  • James RD, Glynne-Jones R, Meadows H, et al. Mitomycin or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, 2×2 factorial trial. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14: 516–24.
  • Tournier-Rangeard L, Mercier M, Peiffert D, et al. Radiochemotherapy of locally advanced anal canal carcinoma: Prospective assessment of early impact on the quality of life (randomized trial ACCORD 03). Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2008; 87: 391–7.
  • Evesque L, Benezery K, Follana P, et al. Multimodal therapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus with distant metastasis: a single-institution experience. Dis Colon Rectum 2017; 60: 785.
  • Jensen SL, Hagen K, Harling H, et al. Long term prognosis after radical treatment for squamaous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and anal margin. Dis Colon Rectum 1988; 31: 273-8.
  • Boman BM, Moertel CG, O’Connell MJ, et al. Carcinoma of the anal canal. A clinical and pathologic study of 188 cases. Cancer. 1984; 54: 114–25.
  • Frost DB, Richards PC, Montague ED, et al. Epidermoid cancer of the anorectum. Cancer. 1984; 53: 1285–93
  • Goh V, Gollub FK, Liaw J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal before and after chemoradiation: can MRI predict for eventual clinical outcome? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78: 715.
Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 1195 - 1198, 20.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1054519

Abstract

References

  • Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Yeni Gelen LM, Schwartz SM, Daling JR. Anal kanser insidansı ve sağkalım: sürveyans, epidemiyoloji ve nihai sonuçlar deneyimi, 1973-2000. Yengeç Burcu 2004; 101: 281–288.
  • Uronis HE, Bendell JC. Anal kanser: genel bir bakış. Onkolog 2007; 12: 524–34.
  • Hoots BE, Palefsky JM, Pimenta JM, Smith JS. Anal kanser ve anal intraepitelyal lezyonlarda insan papilloma virüsü tipi dağılımı. Int J Kanser 2009; 124: 2375–83.
  • American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures 2019. Atlanta (GA): American Cancer Society; 2019.
  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68: 7.
  • Klas JV, Rothenberger DA, Wong WD, Madoff RD. Malignant tumors of the anal canal: the spectrum of disease, treatment, and outcomes. Cancer 1999; 85: 1686.
  • Welton ML, Steele SR, Goodman KA, et al. Anus. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th ed, Amin MB (Ed), AJCC, Chicago 2017. p.275.
  • Keighley MRB. Malignant tumors of the anal canal and anus. In Keighley MRB, Williams NS (Eds) 2nd edition. WB Saunders Co. LondonNew York, 1999; 1303-29.
  • Whiteford MH, Stevens KR, Oh S, et al. Th e evolving treatment of the anal cancer. How are we doing? Arch Surg 2001; 136: 886-91.
  • Nivatgongs S. Perianal and anal canal neoplasms. In Principles and Practice of Surgery for the Colon, Rectum and Anus. Gordon PN, Nivatgongs S (Eds). Quality Medical Inc. St Louis, Missouuri, 1999; 447-73.
  • Jensen SL, Hagen K, Harling H, et al. Long term prognosis after radical treatment for squamaous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and anal margin. Dis Colon Rectum 1988; 31: 273-8.
  • Cummins BJ, Th omas GM, Keane TS. Primary radiation therapy in the treatment of anal canal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1982; 25: 778-82.
  • Papillon J, Montbarken JF. Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: a series of 276 cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1987; 30: 324-8.
  • Nigro ND, Vaitkevicius VK, Considine B. Combined theraphy for cancer of the anal canal: a preliminary report. Dis Colon Rectum 1974; 17: 354- 61.
  • Flam M, John M, Pajak TF, et al. Role of mitomycin in combination with fluorouracil and radiotherapy, and of salvage chemoradiation in the definitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of a phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2527.
  • Northover J, Glynne-Jones R, Sebag-Montefiore D, et al. Chemoradiation fort he treatment of epidermoid anal cancer: 13-year follow-up of the first randomised UKCCCCR Anal cancer Trial(ACT1). Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1123-8.
  • Whiteford MH, Stevens KR, Oh S, et al. Th e evolving treatment of the anal cancer. How are we doing? Arch Surg 2001; 136: 886-91.
  • Nigro ND. An evaluation of combined threaphy for squamous cell cancer of the anal canal. Dis Colon Rectum 1984; 27: 763-65.
  • Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, et al. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299: 1914-21.
  • James RD, Glynne-Jones R, Meadows H, et al. Mitomycin or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, 2×2 factorial trial. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14: 516–24.
  • Tournier-Rangeard L, Mercier M, Peiffert D, et al. Radiochemotherapy of locally advanced anal canal carcinoma: Prospective assessment of early impact on the quality of life (randomized trial ACCORD 03). Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2008; 87: 391–7.
  • Evesque L, Benezery K, Follana P, et al. Multimodal therapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus with distant metastasis: a single-institution experience. Dis Colon Rectum 2017; 60: 785.
  • Jensen SL, Hagen K, Harling H, et al. Long term prognosis after radical treatment for squamaous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and anal margin. Dis Colon Rectum 1988; 31: 273-8.
  • Boman BM, Moertel CG, O’Connell MJ, et al. Carcinoma of the anal canal. A clinical and pathologic study of 188 cases. Cancer. 1984; 54: 114–25.
  • Frost DB, Richards PC, Montague ED, et al. Epidermoid cancer of the anorectum. Cancer. 1984; 53: 1285–93
  • Goh V, Gollub FK, Liaw J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal before and after chemoradiation: can MRI predict for eventual clinical outcome? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78: 715.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Ahmet Fatih Oruç 0000-0002-6072-4671

Sule Karabulut Gul 0000-0003-4219-8900

Publication Date July 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 4

Cite

AMA Oruç AF, Karabulut Gul S. Anal canal cancers. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. July 2022;5(4):1195-1198. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1054519

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