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Hypertension awareness among university students: the impact of education and societal factors

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 298 - 302, 21.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1627349

Abstract

Aims: Hypertension (HT) is a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, contributing significantly to the burden of cardiovascular diseases. Despite its widespread prevalence, HT is often underdiagnosed and poorly managed, particularly among younger populations. This study investigates HT awareness among university students, focusing on the impact of education, gender, and lifestyle practices.
Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 546 students from various academic disciplines using an online questionnaire that assessed demographics, HT awareness, lifestyle factors, and blood pressure monitoring habits. Statistical comparisons were performed using independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and correlation analyses.
Results: Study results revealed notable disparities in HT awareness and behaviors. Medical students demonstrated higher awareness of risk factors, diagnostic thresholds, and BP monitoring practices compared to non-medical students. Females consistently exhibited healthier lifestyle behaviors, including lower smoking prevalence, greater physical activity, and proactive BP monitoring. Awareness of dietary factors contributing to HT was moderate (62.8%), but knowledge of diagnostic BP thresholds was alarmingly low (22.9%), even among medical students. Family history of cardiovascular diseases positively influenced HT awareness, while beliefs about COVID-19’s impact on BP regulation highlighted gaps in health literacy.
Conclusion: The findings underscore the critical role of formal education and targeted interventions in enhancing HT awareness. Integrating basic health education into non-medical curricula, addressing gender-specific disparities through tailored campaigns, and promoting familial health education are vital strategies for mitigating the long-term cardiovascular risks associated with undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension among young adults.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethical Committee of Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine (Approval document No: 25.01.09.02/16). Prior to participation, an online informed consent was obtained from all individuals. The collected data were anonymized and securely stored to uphold participant confidentiality and ensure compliance with data protection regulations. All procedures adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki

Supporting Institution

The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.

References

  • NCD risk factor collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398(10304):957-980. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1
  • Di Cesare M, Perel P, Taylor S, et al. The heart of the World. Glob Heart. 2024;19(1):11. doi:10.5334/gh.1288
  • Gu J, Zhang XJ, Wang TH, Zhang Y, Chen Q. Hypertension knowledge, awareness, and self-management behaviors affect hypertension control: a community-based study in Xuhui District, Shanghai, China. Cardiology. 2014;127(2):96-104. doi:10.1159/000355576
  • Hamrahian SM, Falkner B. Approach to hypertension in adolescents and young adults. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2022;24(2):131-140. doi:10.1007/s11886-021-01632-x
  • Adediran E, Owens R, Gardner E, et al. Risk factors of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension in primary care patients with hypertension: a cross-sectional study. BMC Prim Care. 2024;25(1):311. doi:10.1186/s12875- 024-02511-4
  • Magnani JW, Mujahid MS, Aronow HD, et al. Health literacy and cardiovascular disease: fundamental relevance to primary and secondary prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138(2):e48-e74. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000 000000579
  • Hu Z, Wang X, Zheng C, et al. Association between the improvement of knowledge, attitude and practice of hypertension prevention and blood pressure control-a cluster randomized controlled study. Am J Health Promot. 2024;38(7):980-991. doi:10.1177/08901171241237016
  • Luo D, Cheng Y, Zhang H, et al. Association between high blood pressure and long term cardiovascular events in young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m3222. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3222
  • Zhang Y, Moran AE. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among young adults in the United States, 1999 to 2014. Hypertension. 2017;70(4):736-742. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09801
  • Kaper MS, Reijneveld SA, van Es FD, et al. Effectiveness of a comprehensive health literacy consultation skills training for undergraduate medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):81. doi:10.3390/ijerph17010081
  • Yang SC, Luo YF, Chiang CH. The Associations among individual factors, ehealth literacy, and health-promoting lifestyles among college students. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(1):e15. doi:10.2196/jmir.5964
  • Tan J, Yoshida Y, Ma KS, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lee CC. Gender differences in health protective behaviours and its implications for COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan: a population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1900. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14288-1
  • Filippou CD, Tsioufis CP, Thomopoulos CG, et al. Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(5):1150-1160. doi:10. 1093/advances/nmaa041
  • Sogari G, Velez-Argumedo C, Gómez MI, Mora C. College students and eating habits: a study using an ecological model for healthy behavior. Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1823. doi:10.3390/nu10121823 
  • Wu J, Chen D, Li C, Wang Y. Agreement between self-reported and objectively measured hypertension diagnosis and control: evidence from a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults in China. Arch Public Health. 2024;82(1):245. doi:10. 1186/s13690-024-01456-5
  • Rezaianzadeh A, Jafari F, Ghoddusi Johari M, Karami H. Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among 10663 adults based on the baseline data of the Kherameh cohort study. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2023;18(2):102-108. doi:10.18502/jthc.v18i2.13319
  • Guzik TJ, Mohiddin SA, Dimarco A, et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(10):1666-1687. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa106
  • Ngoma C, Matatiyo A, Oke GI, Adebisi YA, Shomuyiwa DO. Navigating the digital frontier during the COVID-19 pandemic and EVALI epidemic: the impact of social media on public health. Public Health Challenges. 2024;3(2):e173. doi:10.1002/puh2.173

Üniversite öğrencileri arasında hipertansiyon farkındalığı: eğitimin ve toplumsal faktörlerin etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 298 - 302, 21.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1627349

Abstract

Amaç: Hipertansiyon (HT), günümüzde morbidite ve mortalitenin önde gelen nedenlerinden biri olup, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar gelişmesinde ciddi rol oynamaktadır. HT yaygın olmasına rağmen, özellikle gençler arasında sıklıkla geç teşhis edilmekte ve yanlış yönetilmektedir. Bu çalışma, üniversite öğrencileri arasında HT farkındalığını, eğitimin, cinsiyetin ve yaşam tarzı alışkanlıklarının etkisini değerlendirmek için tasarlanmıştır.

Yöntemler: Bu kesitsel klinik araştırmada, çeşitli üniversite ve fakültelerden 546 öğrencinin katılımıyla çevrimiçi bir anket kullanarak yürütüldü. Ankette demografik bilgiler, HT hastalığı hakkındaki tıbbi bilgileri, yaşam tarzı faktörleri ve kan basıncı ölçme alışkanlıkları değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, istatistiksel karşılaştırmalar için bağımsız t-testi ve Mann-Whitney U testi kullanıldı, ek olarak korelasyon analizleri gerçekleştirildi.

Bulgular: Çalışma sonuçları, HT farkındalığı, eğitim şekli ve sosyokültürel yaşam düzeyi arasında dikkate değer farklılıklar olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Tıp öğrencileri, tıp dışı öğrencilerle karşılaştırıldığında HT için risk faktörleri, tanı eşikleri ve kan basıncı izleme uygulamaları konusunda daha yüksek farkındalık göstermiştir. Kadınlar, daha düşük sigara içme oranı, daha fazla fiziksel aktivite ve daha çok kan basıncı izleme sıklığı gibi sağlıklı yaşam tarzı davranışları sergilemiştir. HT’ile ilişkili gıdalar hakkındaki bilgi orta düzeyde (%62,8) iken, HT tanı eşiklerine ilişkin bilgi, tıp öğrencileri arasında bile endişe verici derecede düşük (%22,9) bulunmuştur. Ailede kardiyovasküler hastalıkların bulunması, HT farkındalığını olumlu yönde etkilemiş; COVID-19’un kan basıncı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerine dair inançların, hipertansiyon farkındalığı üzerinde belirgin bir etkisinin olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir.

Sonuç: Bu çalışma sonuçları, HT farkındalığını artırmada resmi eğitimin ve hedeflenmiş müdahalelerin kritik rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Bu yüzden temel sağlık eğitimini tıbbi olmayan müfredata entegre etmek, cinsiyete özgü farklılıkları hedeflenmiş kampanyalarla ele almak ve aile sağlığı eğitimini teşvik etmek, genç yetişkinler arasında teşhis edilmemiş ve kontrol altına alınmamış hipertansiyonla ilişkili uzun vadeli kardiyovasküler riskleri azaltmak için hayati stratejilerdir.

References

  • NCD risk factor collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398(10304):957-980. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1
  • Di Cesare M, Perel P, Taylor S, et al. The heart of the World. Glob Heart. 2024;19(1):11. doi:10.5334/gh.1288
  • Gu J, Zhang XJ, Wang TH, Zhang Y, Chen Q. Hypertension knowledge, awareness, and self-management behaviors affect hypertension control: a community-based study in Xuhui District, Shanghai, China. Cardiology. 2014;127(2):96-104. doi:10.1159/000355576
  • Hamrahian SM, Falkner B. Approach to hypertension in adolescents and young adults. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2022;24(2):131-140. doi:10.1007/s11886-021-01632-x
  • Adediran E, Owens R, Gardner E, et al. Risk factors of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension in primary care patients with hypertension: a cross-sectional study. BMC Prim Care. 2024;25(1):311. doi:10.1186/s12875- 024-02511-4
  • Magnani JW, Mujahid MS, Aronow HD, et al. Health literacy and cardiovascular disease: fundamental relevance to primary and secondary prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138(2):e48-e74. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000 000000579
  • Hu Z, Wang X, Zheng C, et al. Association between the improvement of knowledge, attitude and practice of hypertension prevention and blood pressure control-a cluster randomized controlled study. Am J Health Promot. 2024;38(7):980-991. doi:10.1177/08901171241237016
  • Luo D, Cheng Y, Zhang H, et al. Association between high blood pressure and long term cardiovascular events in young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m3222. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3222
  • Zhang Y, Moran AE. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among young adults in the United States, 1999 to 2014. Hypertension. 2017;70(4):736-742. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09801
  • Kaper MS, Reijneveld SA, van Es FD, et al. Effectiveness of a comprehensive health literacy consultation skills training for undergraduate medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):81. doi:10.3390/ijerph17010081
  • Yang SC, Luo YF, Chiang CH. The Associations among individual factors, ehealth literacy, and health-promoting lifestyles among college students. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(1):e15. doi:10.2196/jmir.5964
  • Tan J, Yoshida Y, Ma KS, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lee CC. Gender differences in health protective behaviours and its implications for COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan: a population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1900. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14288-1
  • Filippou CD, Tsioufis CP, Thomopoulos CG, et al. Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(5):1150-1160. doi:10. 1093/advances/nmaa041
  • Sogari G, Velez-Argumedo C, Gómez MI, Mora C. College students and eating habits: a study using an ecological model for healthy behavior. Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1823. doi:10.3390/nu10121823 
  • Wu J, Chen D, Li C, Wang Y. Agreement between self-reported and objectively measured hypertension diagnosis and control: evidence from a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults in China. Arch Public Health. 2024;82(1):245. doi:10. 1186/s13690-024-01456-5
  • Rezaianzadeh A, Jafari F, Ghoddusi Johari M, Karami H. Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among 10663 adults based on the baseline data of the Kherameh cohort study. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2023;18(2):102-108. doi:10.18502/jthc.v18i2.13319
  • Guzik TJ, Mohiddin SA, Dimarco A, et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(10):1666-1687. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa106
  • Ngoma C, Matatiyo A, Oke GI, Adebisi YA, Shomuyiwa DO. Navigating the digital frontier during the COVID-19 pandemic and EVALI epidemic: the impact of social media on public health. Public Health Challenges. 2024;3(2):e173. doi:10.1002/puh2.173
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cardiology
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Ajar Koçak 0000-0002-4262-7157

Mesut Karataş 0000-0003-1526-1812

Publication Date March 21, 2025
Submission Date January 26, 2025
Acceptance Date February 20, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Koçak A, Karataş M. Hypertension awareness among university students: the impact of education and societal factors. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. March 2025;8(2):298-302. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1627349

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