Factors affecting health expenditures: the case of MINT countries

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 361 - 369, 21.03.2025

Sidar Atalay Şimşek , Gökhan Karhan , Hamza Şimşek

https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1632229

Abstract

Aims: Per capita income, carbon dioxide emissions and urbanization are factors that have significant effects on health expenditures, and the interaction between these variables shapes the level of health and access to services in societies. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of economic growth, air pollution and urbanisation on health expenditures in MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkiye) countries.
Methods: The environmental factors affecting health expenditures are investigated with DHausman and LM Bootstrap cointegration tests among panel data analysis methods. After determining that the series are cointegrated, the coefficients of the variables are investigated with the help of AMG and CCEMG coefficient tests.
Results: According to the cointegration test results, it is proved that there is a long-run relationship between the series. With reference to results of AMG and CCEMG coefficient estimation, the coefficient of carbon dioxide emission variable is statistically significant at 1% significance level, while the effects of other variables on health expenditures are not statistically significant. However, a 1% increase in carbon dioxide emissions in the MINT country group increases health expenditures (per capita) by 0.20-0.25%.
Conclusion: The MINT country groupshould implement policies to prevent air pollution in order to reduce the increasing effect of CO2 emissions on health expenditures. JEL classification: E10, H10, O44.

Keywords

Economic growth, air pollution, health expenditures

Sağlık harcamalarına etki eden faktörler: MINT ülkeleri örneği

Abstract

Kişi başına düşen gelir, karbondioksit emisyonu ve kentleşme, sağlık harcamaları üzerinde önemli etkilere sahip olan faktörlerdir ve bu değişkenler arasındaki etkileşim, toplumların sağlık düzeyini ve hizmetlere erişimini şekillendirmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı MINT (Meksika, Endonezya, Nijerya ve Türkiye) ülkelerinde ekonomik büyüme, hava kirliliği ve kentleşmenin sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Sağlık harcamalarına etki eden çevresel faktörler panel veri analizi yöntemlerinden Durbin-Hausman eşbütünleşme testi ile araştırılmıştır. Eşbütünleşme testi sonuçlarına göre seriler arasında uzun dönemli ilişki olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Serilerin eş bütünleşik olduğunu tespit ettikten sonra değişkenlere ait katsayılar AMG (Augmented Mean Group) katsayı testi yardımıyla araştırılmıştır. AMG katsayı tahmini sonuçlarına göre karbondioksit emisyonu değişkenine ait katsayı %1 anlamlılık seviyesinde, kişi başına düşen gelir değişkenine ait katsayı %10 anlamlılık seviyesinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlıyken kentleşme değişkenine ait katsayı ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Bununla beraber MINT ülke grubunda karbondioksit emisyonundaki %1’lik artış kişi başına düşen sağlık harcamalarını %0.25 oranında artırmaktadır. Ayrıca bu ülkelerde kişi başına düşen gelirde meydana gelen % 1 oranındaki artış sağlık harcamalarının %0.07 oranında azalmasına neden olmaktadır.

Keywords

Sağlık Harcamaları, Hava Kirliliği, Ekonomik Büyüme

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