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Ultrasound-derived reference values for neonatal liver and spleen dimensions: a retrospective cohort study

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 5, 939 - 945, 16.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1750794

Abstract

Aims: To determine liver and spleen sizes in preterm and term neonates using ultrasonography during the first week of life, and to examine their associations with gestational age, birth weight, length, gender, and postmenstrual week.
Methods: In this retrospective study, 112 neonates (66 preterm, 46 term) admitted to a tertiary NICU between June and December 2020 were included. Only infants with normal liver function and without conditions affecting organ size were analyzed. Liver and spleen dimensions were measured by ultrasonography within the first seven postnatal days. Correlations were assessed using Pearson, Bayesian Kendall’s, and Bayesian Pearson tests. Regression analyses and comparisons with published data were also performed.
Results: In preterm infants, liver size correlated strongly with gestational age (r=0.825) and spleen size with birth weight (r=0.777). In term infants, liver size correlated with birth length (r=0.491) and spleen size with birth weight (r=0.495). Each 1-week increase in gestational age was associated with a 1.8 mm increase in liver size in preterm infants, while each 100 g increase in birth weight increased spleen size by 0.8 mm in both groups.
Conclusion: Liver and spleen sizes are closely linked to gestational age, birth weight, and length in neonates. Population-specific percentile references are recommended to improve clinical assessment accuracy.

References

  • Joshi R, Singh A, Jajoo N, Pai M, Kalantri SP. Accuracy and reliability of palpation and percussion for detecting hepatomegaly: a rural hospital-based study. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2004;23(5):171-174.
  • Pelizzo G, Guazzotti M, Klersy C, et al. Spleen size evaluation in children: time to define splenomegaly for pediatric surgeons and pediatricians. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0202741. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202741
  • Megremis SD, Vlachonikolis IG, Tsilimigaki AM. Spleen length in childhood with US: normal values based on age, sex, and somatometric parameters. Radiology. 2004;231(1):129-134. doi:10.1148/radiol.2311020 963
  • Rousan LA, Fataftah J, Al-Omari M, Hayajneh W, Miqdady M, Khader Y. Sonographic assessment of liver and spleen size based on age, height, and weight: evaluation of Jordanian children. Minerva Pediatr. 2019; 71(1):28-33. doi:10.23736/S0026-4946.16.04433-9
  • Warnakulasuriya DTD, Peries PPUC, Rathnasekara YAC, Jayawardena KTM, Upasena A, Wickremasinghe AR. Ultrasonographic parameters of the liver, spleen and kidneys among a cohort of school children in Sri Lanka. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):192.
  • Kahramaner Z, Erdemir A, Arik B, Bilgili G, Tekin M, Genc Y. Reference ranges of liver and spleen dimensions in term infants: sonographic measurements. J Med Ultrason (2001). 2015;42(1):77-81. doi:10.1007/s10396-014-0578-0
  • Fenton TR, Kim JH. A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:59. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-59
  • Amatya P, Shah D, Gupta N, Bhatta NK. Clinical and ultrasonographic measurement of liver size in normal children. Indian J Pediatr. 2014; 81(5):441-445. doi:10.1007/s12098-013-1288-0
  • Dhingra B, Sharma S, Mishra D, Kumari R, Pandey RM, Aggarwal S. Normal values of liver and spleen size by ultrasonography in Indian children. Indian Pediatr. 2010;47(6):487-492. doi:10.1007/s13312-010-0090-6
  • Thapa NB, Shah S, Pradhan A, Rijal K, Pradhan A, Basnet S. Sonographic assessment of the normal dimensions of liver, spleen, and kidney in healthy children at tertiary care hospital. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2015;13(52):286-291. doi:10.3126/kumj.v13i4.16825
  • Rosenberg HK, Markowitz RI, Kolberg H, Park C, Hubbard A, Bellah RD. Normal splenic size in infants and children: sonographic measurements.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157(1):119-121. doi:10.2214/ajr.157.1.2048509
  • Rosenberg HK, Markowitz RI, Kolberg H, Park C, Hubbard A, Bellah RD. Normal splenic size in infants and children: sonographic measurements.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157(1):119-121. doi:10.2214/ajr.157.1.2048509
  • Soyupak SK, Narli N, Yapicioğlu H, Satar M, Aksungur EH. Sonographic measurements of the liver, spleen and kidney dimensions in the healthy term and preterm newborns. Eur J Radiol. 2002;43(1):73-78. doi:10.1016/s0720-048x(01)00466-1
  • Ayede AI, Agunloye AM, Gram L, Omokhodion SI. Normal ultrasonographic dimensions of the liver in neonates in South-West Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2014;33(3):183-188.
  • Chen CM, Wang JJ. Clinical and sonographic assessment of liver size in normal Chinese neonates. Acta Paediatr. 1993;82(4):345-347. doi:10. 1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12693.x

Yenidoğan karaciğer ve dalak boyutları için ultrasonla elde edilen referans değerleri: retrospektif kohort çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 5, 939 - 945, 16.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1750794

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, erken yenidoğan döneminde preterm ve term bebeklerde ultrasonografi ile ölçülen karaciğer ve dalak boyutlarını değerlendirmek ve bu ölçümlerin gebelik yaşı, doğum ağırlığı, doğum boyu, cinsiyet ve postmenstrüel hafta ile olan ilişkisini analiz etmektir.
Yöntemler: Bu retrospektif çalışmaya, Haziran–Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında üçüncü basamak bir hastanenin yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesine yatırılan bebekler dâhil edildi. Karaciğer fonksiyonları normal olan ve organ boyutunu etkileyebilecek altta yatan klinik durumu bulunmayan yenidoğanlar çalışmaya alındı. Karaciğer ve dalak boyutlarına ilişkin ultrasonografik ölçümler postnatal ilk yedi gün içinde gerçekleştirildi. Korelasyon analizleri için Pearson, Bayesian Kendall’s ve Bayesian Pearson testleri kullanıldı. Ayrıca regresyon analizleri yapıldı ve önceki literatür ile karşılaştırmalar gerçekleştirildi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 112 yenidoğan (66 preterm, 46 term) dâhil edildi. Preterm bebeklerde karaciğer boyutu ile gebelik yaşı arasında en güçlü korelasyon saptandı (r=0,825); dalak boyutu ise doğum ağırlığı ile en yüksek korelasyonu gösterdi (r=0,777). Term bebeklerde karaciğer boyutu doğum boyu ile (r=0,491), dalak boyutu ise doğum ağırlığı ile (r=0,495) anlamlı düzeyde ilişkiliydi. Preterm bebeklerde gebelik yaşındaki her bir haftalık artış, karaciğer boyutunda ortalama 1,8 mm’lik bir artışa neden olurken; her 100 gramlık doğum ağırlığı artışı her iki grupta da dalak boyutunda yaklaşık 0,8 mm’lik bir artışla ilişkiliydi.
Sonuç: Yenidoğanlarda karaciğer ve dalak boyutları, gebelik haftası, doğum ağırlığı ve doğum boyu ile yakından ilişkilidir. Bu çalışma, klinik değerlendirmelerde kullanılmak üzere standart ve yerel persentil referanslarının oluşturulması gerekliliğini desteklemektedir.

References

  • Joshi R, Singh A, Jajoo N, Pai M, Kalantri SP. Accuracy and reliability of palpation and percussion for detecting hepatomegaly: a rural hospital-based study. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2004;23(5):171-174.
  • Pelizzo G, Guazzotti M, Klersy C, et al. Spleen size evaluation in children: time to define splenomegaly for pediatric surgeons and pediatricians. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0202741. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202741
  • Megremis SD, Vlachonikolis IG, Tsilimigaki AM. Spleen length in childhood with US: normal values based on age, sex, and somatometric parameters. Radiology. 2004;231(1):129-134. doi:10.1148/radiol.2311020 963
  • Rousan LA, Fataftah J, Al-Omari M, Hayajneh W, Miqdady M, Khader Y. Sonographic assessment of liver and spleen size based on age, height, and weight: evaluation of Jordanian children. Minerva Pediatr. 2019; 71(1):28-33. doi:10.23736/S0026-4946.16.04433-9
  • Warnakulasuriya DTD, Peries PPUC, Rathnasekara YAC, Jayawardena KTM, Upasena A, Wickremasinghe AR. Ultrasonographic parameters of the liver, spleen and kidneys among a cohort of school children in Sri Lanka. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):192.
  • Kahramaner Z, Erdemir A, Arik B, Bilgili G, Tekin M, Genc Y. Reference ranges of liver and spleen dimensions in term infants: sonographic measurements. J Med Ultrason (2001). 2015;42(1):77-81. doi:10.1007/s10396-014-0578-0
  • Fenton TR, Kim JH. A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:59. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-59
  • Amatya P, Shah D, Gupta N, Bhatta NK. Clinical and ultrasonographic measurement of liver size in normal children. Indian J Pediatr. 2014; 81(5):441-445. doi:10.1007/s12098-013-1288-0
  • Dhingra B, Sharma S, Mishra D, Kumari R, Pandey RM, Aggarwal S. Normal values of liver and spleen size by ultrasonography in Indian children. Indian Pediatr. 2010;47(6):487-492. doi:10.1007/s13312-010-0090-6
  • Thapa NB, Shah S, Pradhan A, Rijal K, Pradhan A, Basnet S. Sonographic assessment of the normal dimensions of liver, spleen, and kidney in healthy children at tertiary care hospital. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2015;13(52):286-291. doi:10.3126/kumj.v13i4.16825
  • Rosenberg HK, Markowitz RI, Kolberg H, Park C, Hubbard A, Bellah RD. Normal splenic size in infants and children: sonographic measurements.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157(1):119-121. doi:10.2214/ajr.157.1.2048509
  • Rosenberg HK, Markowitz RI, Kolberg H, Park C, Hubbard A, Bellah RD. Normal splenic size in infants and children: sonographic measurements.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157(1):119-121. doi:10.2214/ajr.157.1.2048509
  • Soyupak SK, Narli N, Yapicioğlu H, Satar M, Aksungur EH. Sonographic measurements of the liver, spleen and kidney dimensions in the healthy term and preterm newborns. Eur J Radiol. 2002;43(1):73-78. doi:10.1016/s0720-048x(01)00466-1
  • Ayede AI, Agunloye AM, Gram L, Omokhodion SI. Normal ultrasonographic dimensions of the liver in neonates in South-West Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2014;33(3):183-188.
  • Chen CM, Wang JJ. Clinical and sonographic assessment of liver size in normal Chinese neonates. Acta Paediatr. 1993;82(4):345-347. doi:10. 1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12693.x
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Neonatology
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Baran Cengiz Arcagök 0000-0002-4834-9127

Akan Yaman 0000-0002-7550-6765

Publication Date September 16, 2025
Submission Date July 25, 2025
Acceptance Date September 5, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 5

Cite

AMA Arcagök BC, Yaman A. Ultrasound-derived reference values for neonatal liver and spleen dimensions: a retrospective cohort study. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. September 2025;8(5):939-945. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1750794

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