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Bicycle accidents and injury patterns in emergency department admissions: a single-center experience

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 6, 1018 - 1022, 25.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1770964

Abstract

Aims: The aim of this study was to define injury patterns of bicycle accidents in order to guide preventive strategies and resource allocation in emergency departments. Bicycle-related injuries are a significant and growing public health concern. In Turkiye, the increasing popularity of bicycles for transportation and recreation has been paralleled by rising emergency department (ED) admissions. Understanding the epidemiology, mechanisms, and outcomes of these injuries is crucial for developing preventive strategies.
Methods: This retrospective single-center study included patients admitted to the Emergency Department of Ankara Bilkent City Hospital between February 2019 and December 2024 due to bicycle-related injuries. Data were obtained from the hospital information system and included demographics, injury mechanism, type of bicycle, injury site, consultations, interventions, length of stay, and outcomes. Patients with incomplete records (n=43) were excluded. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25, with p<0.05 considered significant.
Results: A total of 317 patients were analyzed, 269 (84.9%) were male and 48 (15.1%) were female. Most patients were Turkish (92.1%). The number of cases increased over the years, peaking in 2024. Helmet use was documented in 134 children (59.8%) and 76 adults (81.7), and its absence was associated with higher rates of head and facial injuries (p<0.05). The most frequent accident mechanism was falling from the bicycle (68.3%), followed by collisions with stationary objects (14.1%). Urban/commuter bicycles (49.3%) were the most common type, while electric bicycles accounted for 19.6%. The most common injury sites were upper extremities (76.0%), face (40.2%), and head (35.2%). Abdominal injuries occurred in 7.9% of cases, with splenic injury being the most frequent (4.4%). No mortality was observed during the study period.
Conclusion: Bicycle-related injuries predominantly affect young males and frequently involve extremities, head, and face. Despite moderate helmet use, craniofacial injuries remain common. Abdominal trauma, though less frequent, represents a serious clinical concern, particularly in pediatric cases. These findings highlight the need for improved safety measures, widespread helmet use, and public education to reduce the burden of bicycle-related trauma.

Ethical Statement

The study was initiated with the approval of the the Medical Research Scientific and Ethical Evaluation Board No. 2 (Date: 28/05/2025, Decision No:TABED 2-25-1211

Supporting Institution

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References

  • Sarmiento K, Haileyesus T, Waltzman D, Daugherty J. Emergency department visits for bicycle-related traumatic brain injuries among children and adults-United States, 2009–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(19):693-697. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7019a1
  • Goel R. Population-level estimate of bicycle use and fatality risk in a data-poor setting. Int J Inj Control Saf Promot. 2023;30(3):333-337. doi:10.1080/17457300.2023.2172737
  • Teisch LF, Allen CJ, Tashiro J, et al. Injury patterns and outcomes following pediatric bicycle accidents. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015;31(11):1021-1025. doi:10.1007/s00383-015-3756-2. PMID:26269203
  • Hyman MJ, Charney C, Arends RW, Heffernan TE, Lawson LA, Lee ES. Trauma management of bicycle injuries. Curr Trauma Rep. 2024. doi:10.1007/s40719-024-00335-4
  • Biyyam DR, Hwang S, Patel MC, Bardo DME, Bailey SS, Youssfi M. CT findings of pediatric handlebar injuries. RadioGraphics. 2020;40(3):815-826. doi:10.1148/rg.2020190126
  • Agarwal A, Pruthi M. Bicycle-spoke injuries of the foot in children. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2010;18(3):338-341. doi:10.1177/230949901001800316
  • Reuvers R, van Beeck EF, van Dijck S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of mandatory helmet use. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:251. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08544-5
  • Park JC, Jang EJ, Shin SD, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for bicycle-related severe head injury: a single-center study of the emergency department patients. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):27. doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0782-7
  • Tenenbaum S, Weltsch D, Bariteau JT, et al. Orthopaedic injuries among electric bicycle users. Injury. 2017;48(10):2140-2144. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2017.07.012
  • Olivier J, Creighton P. Bicycle injuries and helmet use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(1):278-292. doi:10.1093/ije/dyw153
  • Bašković M, Grgic O, Medved I, et al. The diagnosis and management of pediatric blunt abdominal trauma. Children (Basel). 2024;11(7):829. doi:10.3390/children11070829
  • Cheung R, Shukla M, Akers KG, Farooqi A, Sethuraman U. Bicycle handlebar injuries: systematic review. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;51:13-21. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.09.043
  • Bašković M, Dumančić J, Medved I, et al. The diagnosis and management of pediatric blunt abdominal trauma. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14(20):2257. doi:10.3390/diagnostics14202257
  • Nadler EP, Potoka DA, Shultz BL, Morrison KE, Ford HR, Gaines BA. The high morbidity associated with handlebar injuries in children. J Trauma. 2005;58(6):1171-1174. doi:10.1097/01.TA.0000170107.21534.7A
  • Smyth L, Gaarder C, Naidoo N, et al. WSES guidelines on blunt and penetrating bowel injury: diagnosis, investigations, and treatment. World J Emerg Surg. 2022;17:13. doi:10.1186/s13017-022-00418-y

Acil servis başvurularında bisiklet kazaları ve yaralanma modelleri: tek merkez deneyimi

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 6, 1018 - 1022, 25.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1770964

Abstract

Arka Plan:
Bisiklete bağlı yaralanmalar önemli ve giderek artan bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Türkiye'de ulaşım ve rekreasyon amaçlı bisikletlerin artan popülaritesi, acil servis başvurularının artmasıyla paralellik göstermektedir. Bu yaralanmaların epidemiyolojisini, mekanizmalarını ve sonuçlarını anlamak, önleyici stratejiler geliştirmek için çok önemlidir.

Yöntemler:
Bu retrospektif tek merkezli çalışmaya, 2019-2025 yılları arasında Ankara Bilkent Şehir Hastanesi Acil Servisi'ne bisiklete bağlı yaralanmalar nedeniyle yatırılan hastalar dahil edilmiştir. Veriler hastane bilgi sisteminden elde edilmiş olup demografik özellikler, yaralanma mekanizması, bisiklet tipi, yaralanma yeri, konsültasyonlar, müdahaleler, yatış süresi ve sonuçları içermektedir. Kayıtları eksik olan hastalar (n=43) çalışma dışı bırakılmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler SPSS 25 sürümü kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve p<0,05 anlamlı kabul edilmiştir.

Sonuçlar:
Toplam 341 hasta analiz edilmiş olup, hastaların çoğunluğu (%85) erkek ve 18 yaş altı hastalar (%69,5) olmuştur. Hastaların çoğu Türk vatandaşıydı (%92,7). Vaka sayısı yıllar içinde artarak 2024 yılında zirveye ulaştı. Vakaların %66,9'unda kask kullanımı bildirilmiş ve kask kullanımının olmaması daha yüksek oranda baş ve yüz yaralanmalarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. En sık görülen kaza mekanizması bisikletten düşme (%68,3) olmuş, bunu sabit nesnelere çarpma (%14,1) takip etmiştir. Şehir içi/işe gidiş-dönüş bisikletleri (%49,3) en yaygın tip iken, elektrikli bisikletler %19,6'lık bir orana sahiptir. En sık görülen yaralanma bölgeleri üst ekstremiteler (%76,0), yüz (%40,2) ve baş (%35,2) olmuştur. Vakaların %7,9'unda karın yaralanmaları meydana gelmiş, en sık görüleni dalak yaralanmasıdır (%4,4). Çalışma süresince herhangi bir ölüm vakası gözlenmemiştir.

Sonuç:
Bisiklete bağlı yaralanmalar ağırlıklı olarak genç erkekleri etkilemekte ve sıklıkla ekstremiteleri, başı ve yüzü etkilemektedir. Orta düzeyde kask kullanımına rağmen, kraniyofasiyal yaralanmalar yaygın olmaya devam etmektedir. Karın travması, daha az sıklıkta görülse de, özellikle pediatrik vakalarda ciddi bir klinik sorun teşkil etmektedir. Bu bulgular, bisiklet kaynaklı travma yükünü azaltmak için gelişmiş güvenlik önlemlerine, yaygın kask kullanımına ve toplum eğitimine duyulan ihtiyacı vurgulamaktadır.

References

  • Sarmiento K, Haileyesus T, Waltzman D, Daugherty J. Emergency department visits for bicycle-related traumatic brain injuries among children and adults-United States, 2009–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(19):693-697. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7019a1
  • Goel R. Population-level estimate of bicycle use and fatality risk in a data-poor setting. Int J Inj Control Saf Promot. 2023;30(3):333-337. doi:10.1080/17457300.2023.2172737
  • Teisch LF, Allen CJ, Tashiro J, et al. Injury patterns and outcomes following pediatric bicycle accidents. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015;31(11):1021-1025. doi:10.1007/s00383-015-3756-2. PMID:26269203
  • Hyman MJ, Charney C, Arends RW, Heffernan TE, Lawson LA, Lee ES. Trauma management of bicycle injuries. Curr Trauma Rep. 2024. doi:10.1007/s40719-024-00335-4
  • Biyyam DR, Hwang S, Patel MC, Bardo DME, Bailey SS, Youssfi M. CT findings of pediatric handlebar injuries. RadioGraphics. 2020;40(3):815-826. doi:10.1148/rg.2020190126
  • Agarwal A, Pruthi M. Bicycle-spoke injuries of the foot in children. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2010;18(3):338-341. doi:10.1177/230949901001800316
  • Reuvers R, van Beeck EF, van Dijck S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of mandatory helmet use. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:251. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08544-5
  • Park JC, Jang EJ, Shin SD, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for bicycle-related severe head injury: a single-center study of the emergency department patients. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):27. doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0782-7
  • Tenenbaum S, Weltsch D, Bariteau JT, et al. Orthopaedic injuries among electric bicycle users. Injury. 2017;48(10):2140-2144. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2017.07.012
  • Olivier J, Creighton P. Bicycle injuries and helmet use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(1):278-292. doi:10.1093/ije/dyw153
  • Bašković M, Grgic O, Medved I, et al. The diagnosis and management of pediatric blunt abdominal trauma. Children (Basel). 2024;11(7):829. doi:10.3390/children11070829
  • Cheung R, Shukla M, Akers KG, Farooqi A, Sethuraman U. Bicycle handlebar injuries: systematic review. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;51:13-21. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.09.043
  • Bašković M, Dumančić J, Medved I, et al. The diagnosis and management of pediatric blunt abdominal trauma. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14(20):2257. doi:10.3390/diagnostics14202257
  • Nadler EP, Potoka DA, Shultz BL, Morrison KE, Ford HR, Gaines BA. The high morbidity associated with handlebar injuries in children. J Trauma. 2005;58(6):1171-1174. doi:10.1097/01.TA.0000170107.21534.7A
  • Smyth L, Gaarder C, Naidoo N, et al. WSES guidelines on blunt and penetrating bowel injury: diagnosis, investigations, and treatment. World J Emerg Surg. 2022;17:13. doi:10.1186/s13017-022-00418-y
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Emergency Medicine
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Tamer Durdu 0000-0002-4321-1698

Yıldız Yıldırımer Çelik 0000-0001-6437-5870

Habibe Selmin Özensoy 0000-0001-9261-2669

Nihal Ertürk 0009-0009-9800-6323

Furkan Altaş 0000-0001-6401-4880

Hakan Oğuztürk 0000-0002-9800-1428

Publication Date October 25, 2025
Submission Date August 23, 2025
Acceptance Date September 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 6

Cite

AMA Durdu T, Yıldırımer Çelik Y, Özensoy HS, Ertürk N, Altaş F, Oğuztürk H. Bicycle accidents and injury patterns in emergency department admissions: a single-center experience. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. October 2025;8(6):1018-1022. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1770964

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