The Combining Constructed Wetland and Ultrafiltration to Increase Total Coliform Removal Efficiency of Wastewater

Abstract

The horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland (HSSF-CW) is a green and sustainable technology that imitates natural wetlands for wastewater treatment purposes, efficient in removing pollutants from various types of wastewater. Hospitals in Palu, Indonesia, are facing problems due to the poor performance of existing WWTPs, especially in removing total coliform (TC) and total suspended solids (TSS). This issue needs attention because it can impact health and the environment. Efforts to use HSSF-CW for hospital wastewater treatment are expected to overcome these problems. The HSSF-CW usually produces an effluent low in organic matter and TSS but not for TC, so this system still needs to be combined with other systems. Combining HSSF-CW with ultrafiltration membranes (UF) is an exciting idea. The UF membranes with pores between 0.01 – 0.1 µm are expected can hold bacteria. This study aims to design the HSSF-CW and UF membrane combination system on a pilot-scale that considers aesthetic factors, then evaluates its performance using experimental methods. In this case, ware utilized ornamental water plants (Ludwigia adscendens, Echinodorus paniculatus, and Typha angustifolia) and gravel sand media measuring 5 – 8 mm. The results proved effective in removing TC and TSS parameters with 98.64% and 100% efficiency. Thus, the HSSF-CW and UF membrane combination system was suitable for hospital wastewater treatment in Palu, Indonesia.

Keywords

• Constructed Wetland
• Hospıtal Wastewater
• Total Colıform Removal
• Ultrafıltratıon

References

1. Akhmad, A. G., Darman, S., Aiyen, & Hamzens, W. P. S. (2020). An Opportunity for Using Constructed Wetland Technology in Hospital Wastewater Treatment: A Preliminary Study. The 2020 International Conference on Science in Engineering and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1212/1/012001
2. Alemu, T., Mekonnen, A., & Leta, S. (2018). Post-treatment of tannery wastewater using pilot scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (polishing). Water Science and Technology, 77(4), 988–998. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.613
3. Benassi, J. M. S. R. F., & Coelho, R. F. B. L. H. G. (2021). Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands as post ‑ treatment of aerated pond effluent. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03418-8
4. Dires, S., Birhanu, T., & Ambelu, A. (2019). Use of broken brick to enhance the removal of nutrients in subsurface flow constructed wetlands receiving hospital wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 79(1), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.037
5. Gaballah, M. S., Abdelwahab, O., Barakat, K. M., & ... (2020). A novel horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland planted with Typha angustifolia for treatment of polluted water. … Science and Pollution …. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-020-08669-5.pdf
6. Hasbi, M., Budijono, B., & Hendrizali, A. (2020). Heavy Metal Uptake Capacity By Floating Plant Island in Sail River Pekanbaru. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 430(1), 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/430/1/012035
7. Jamwal, P., Raj, A. V., Raveendran, L., Shirin, S., Connelly, S., Yeluripati, J., Richards, S., Rao, L., Helliwell, R., & Tamburini, M. (2021). Evaluating the performance of horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands: A case study from southern India. Ecological Engineering, 162(January), 106170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106170
8. Ji, Z., Tang, W., & Pei, Y. (2021). Constructed wetland substrates: A review on development, function mechanisms, and application in contaminants removal. Chemosphere, 286, 131564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131564

9. Lancheros, J. C., Madera-Parra, C. A., Caselles-Osorio, A., Torres-López, W. A., & Vargas-Ramírez, X. M. (2019). Ibuprofen and Naproxen removal from domestic wastewater using a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland coupled to Ozonation. Ecological Engineering, 135, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.05.007
10. Mbanefo Okoye, N., Nnaemeka Madubuike, C., Uba Nwuba, I., Nonso Ozokoli, S., & Obi Ugwuishiwu, B. (2018). Performance and Short Term Durability of Palm Kernel Shell As a Substrate Material in a Pilot Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Slaughterhouse Wastewater. Journal of Water Security, 4(0), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.15544/jws.2018.004
11. Moshiri, G. A. (2020). Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement (G. A. Moshiri (Ed.)). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003069997
12. Udom, I. J., Mbajiorgu, C. C., & Oboho, E. O. (2018). Development and evaluation of a constructed pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow wetland treating piggery wastewater. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4), 3179–3185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.04.002
13. Witthayaphirom, C., Chiemchaisri, C., Chiemchaisri, W., Ogata, Y., Ebie, Y., & Ishigaki, T. (2020). Long-term removals of organic micro-pollutants in reactive media of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland treating landfill leachate. Bioresource Technology, 312, 123611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123611
14. Xu, L., Cheng, S., Zhuang, P., Xie, D., Li, S., Liu, D., Li, Z., Wang, F., & Xing, F. (2020). Assessment of the Nutrient Removal Potential of Floating Native and Exotic Aquatic Macrophytes Cultured in Swine Manure Wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 1103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031103