A total of 5 sampling points along Vlora Bay beaches (Radhimë, Plazhi i
Ri, Akademia e Marinës, Plazhi i Vjetër, Kabinat, Nartë) were selected and
monitored during the summer and the autumn of 2014. Seawater samples were
evaluated for faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS). Statistical
analysis of the results demonstrated higher concentrations of faecal coliforms
and faecal streptococci during summer. Akademia e Marinës beach had the highest
incidence of faecal indicators (FC and
FS), respectively 100% of samples, followed by Plazhi i Ri (62.5% and 75%), while
at Radhimë, Plazhi i Vjetër, Kabinat and Nartë there was not any faecal
contamination. Climate changes have led to the extended beach season until
autumn. The high concentration of faecal indicators during summer and autumn in
some of monitored beaches indicates that monitoring should be performed during
the whole season, in order to protect bathers health.
American Public Health Association (APHA), (1999) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th.Ed.American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
Fleisher JM, Kay D, Salmon RL, Jones F, Wyer MD, Godfree AF, (1996) Marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: nonenteric illnesses associated with bather exposure in the United Kingdom. Am.J. Public Health, 86, 1228-1234.
Hanes N, Fragala C, (1967) Effect of seawater concentration on the survival of indicator bacteria.J Water Pollut Control Fed 39, 76.
Institute of Public Health, (2011) Microbiological monitoring of water quality of coastal recreational beaches of Velipoje, Shengjin, Durres, Kavaje, Vlore, Dhermi, Himare, BorshdheSarande in 2010. Final report, pp 20-22.
ISO, (2000) Water quality - Detection and enumeration of intestinal enterococci, - Part 2: Membrane filtration method. Geneva, International Organisation for Standartization (ISO 7899-2).
ISO, (2003). Water quality - Detection and enumeration of coliform organisms, thermotolerant coliform organisms and presumptive Escherichia coli- Part 1: Membrane filtration method. Geneva, International Organisation for Standartization (ISO 9308-1).
Kay D, Fleisher JM, Salmon RL, Wyer MD, Godfree AF, Zelenauch-Jacquotte Z, Shore R, (1994) Predicting likelihood of gastroenteritis from sea bathing; results from randomized exposure. Lancet, 344, 905-909.
Ministry of Environment, (2013) Environmental monitoring.Water quality, pp 67-68. Tirana, Albania.
Prieto MD, Lopez B, Juanes J A, Revilla J A, Llorca J, Delgado-Rodríguez M, (2001). Recreation in coastal waters: health risks associated with bathing in sea water. J. Epidemiol Community Health; 55, 442-447.
Prüss A, (1998) A review of epidemiological studies from exposure to recreational waters. Int. J. Epidemiol., 27, 1-9.
WHO, (1995) Manual for Recreational water and Beach Quality Monitoring and Assessment. Draft. WHO, regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environ. & Health.
WHO, (1999) Health-based monitoring of recreational waters: the feasibility of a new approach (the “Annapolis Protocol”). Geneva, World Health Organization. (Protection of the Human Environment, Water, Sanitation and Health Series, WHO/SDE/WSH/99.1).
WHO, (2003) Draft Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environment. Vol. 1: Costal and fresh water. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Year 2015,
Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 450 - 454, 30.10.2015
American Public Health Association (APHA), (1999) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th.Ed.American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
Fleisher JM, Kay D, Salmon RL, Jones F, Wyer MD, Godfree AF, (1996) Marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: nonenteric illnesses associated with bather exposure in the United Kingdom. Am.J. Public Health, 86, 1228-1234.
Hanes N, Fragala C, (1967) Effect of seawater concentration on the survival of indicator bacteria.J Water Pollut Control Fed 39, 76.
Institute of Public Health, (2011) Microbiological monitoring of water quality of coastal recreational beaches of Velipoje, Shengjin, Durres, Kavaje, Vlore, Dhermi, Himare, BorshdheSarande in 2010. Final report, pp 20-22.
ISO, (2000) Water quality - Detection and enumeration of intestinal enterococci, - Part 2: Membrane filtration method. Geneva, International Organisation for Standartization (ISO 7899-2).
ISO, (2003). Water quality - Detection and enumeration of coliform organisms, thermotolerant coliform organisms and presumptive Escherichia coli- Part 1: Membrane filtration method. Geneva, International Organisation for Standartization (ISO 9308-1).
Kay D, Fleisher JM, Salmon RL, Wyer MD, Godfree AF, Zelenauch-Jacquotte Z, Shore R, (1994) Predicting likelihood of gastroenteritis from sea bathing; results from randomized exposure. Lancet, 344, 905-909.
Ministry of Environment, (2013) Environmental monitoring.Water quality, pp 67-68. Tirana, Albania.
Prieto MD, Lopez B, Juanes J A, Revilla J A, Llorca J, Delgado-Rodríguez M, (2001). Recreation in coastal waters: health risks associated with bathing in sea water. J. Epidemiol Community Health; 55, 442-447.
Prüss A, (1998) A review of epidemiological studies from exposure to recreational waters. Int. J. Epidemiol., 27, 1-9.
WHO, (1995) Manual for Recreational water and Beach Quality Monitoring and Assessment. Draft. WHO, regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environ. & Health.
WHO, (1999) Health-based monitoring of recreational waters: the feasibility of a new approach (the “Annapolis Protocol”). Geneva, World Health Organization. (Protection of the Human Environment, Water, Sanitation and Health Series, WHO/SDE/WSH/99.1).
WHO, (2003) Draft Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environment. Vol. 1: Costal and fresh water. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Bofe, K., & Hysko, M. (2015). Seasonal Variations in Microbial Quality of Recreational Beaches of Vlora Bay, Albania. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 10(4), 450-454.
AMA
Bofe K, Hysko M. Seasonal Variations in Microbial Quality of Recreational Beaches of Vlora Bay, Albania. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science. October 2015;10(4):450-454.
Chicago
Bofe, Klodjana, and M. Hysko. “Seasonal Variations in Microbial Quality of Recreational Beaches of Vlora Bay, Albania”. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science 10, no. 4 (October 2015): 450-54.
EndNote
Bofe K, Hysko M (October 1, 2015) Seasonal Variations in Microbial Quality of Recreational Beaches of Vlora Bay, Albania. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science 10 4 450–454.
IEEE
K. Bofe and M. Hysko, “Seasonal Variations in Microbial Quality of Recreational Beaches of Vlora Bay, Albania”, J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 450–454, 2015.
ISNAD
Bofe, Klodjana - Hysko, M. “Seasonal Variations in Microbial Quality of Recreational Beaches of Vlora Bay, Albania”. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science 10/4 (October 2015), 450-454.
JAMA
Bofe K, Hysko M. Seasonal Variations in Microbial Quality of Recreational Beaches of Vlora Bay, Albania. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science. 2015;10:450–454.
MLA
Bofe, Klodjana and M. Hysko. “Seasonal Variations in Microbial Quality of Recreational Beaches of Vlora Bay, Albania”. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, vol. 10, no. 4, 2015, pp. 450-4.
Vancouver
Bofe K, Hysko M. Seasonal Variations in Microbial Quality of Recreational Beaches of Vlora Bay, Albania. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science. 2015;10(4):450-4.