İKLİM MÜLTECİLERİ: İKLİM MÜLTECİLERİNİN ZORLUKLARINI ANLAMAK

Abstract

İklim değişikliğinin çeşitli etkileri nedeniyle insanlar bölgelerinden ve dahası ülkelerinden ayrılmak durumunda kalıyorlar. Yetersiz su kaynakları, seller, kuraklık ve deniz seviyesinin yükselmesi iklim değişikliğinin günümüzde kendini gösteren sonuçları arasındadır. Çevre mültecileri, iklim mültecileri ve çevresel etkenlerle yer değiştiren insanlar gibi çeşitli isimler, doğal afetler nedeniyle ülkelerini ve bölgelerini terk etmek zorunda kalan insanları adlandırmak için kullanılmaktadır. Bu kişiler, çevresel faktörlere maruz kalma, mülteci olmanın bir koşulu olarak görülmediğinden, 1951 Cenevre Sözleşmesi ile belirlenen yasal mülteci tanımının dışında kalmaktadır. Dolayısıyla 1951 Cenevre Sözleşmesi ile mültecilere sağlanan haklardan ve sorumluluklardan yararlanamamaktadırlar. Bugün iklim değişikliği çoğu ülkenin gündeminde olmasına rağmen, iklim değişikliğinden etkilenen insanların sorunları uluslararası toplumun gündeminde kendine yer bulamamaktadır. İklim değişikliğinin sonuçları, etkilenen ülkelerin belirli bölgelerini kapsadığından, bu değişimin olumsuz etkilerini yaşayan kişiler kendi ülkelerinde yer değiştirme dışında bir çözüme ulaşamamaktadır. Yakın gelecekte bir ada ülkesi yükselen deniz seviyesiyle yok edilirse dünya devletlerinin nasıl davranacağı belli değildir. Dahası, mevcut mülteci rejimi iklim değişikliğinden etkilenen insanları mülteci olarak tanımaması, gelecekte yaşanacak sorunların çözümsüz kalmasında en büyük paya sahiptir. Bu kişilerin uluslararası korunma ihtiyacı hayati önem taşımaktadır, ancak yine de statüleri için herhangi bir yasal dayanak bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel sorusu, gelecekte kaçınılmaz hale gelecek olan iklim değişikliğinin kalıcı sonuçları ve bu sonuçlardan etkilenecek insanların sorunlarına uluslararası toplumun nasıl bir çözüm bulacağıdır. Çalışmada iklim mültecilerinin sorunları ve bu sorunlara getirilen çözüm önerilerine değinilmiştir

Keywords

• İklim Mültecileri
• 1951 Cenevre Sözleşmesi
• çevresel etkenlerle yer değiştiren insanlar
• uluslararası koruma
• iklim mültecilerinin sorunları

CLIMATE REFUGEES: UNDERSTANDING THE CHALLENGES FOR CLIMATE REFUGEES

Abstract

People are forced to leave their regions or countries because of the various effects of climate change. Insufficient water resources, floods, drought and rise of sea level are among the consequences of climate change. Various names are given to the people who have to leave their countries and their region due to the natural disasters such as environmental refugees, climate refugees, and environmentally displaced people. These people remain outside of the legal refugee definition declared by the 1951 Geneva Convention since exposure to environmental factors is not seen as a condition of being a refugee. Thus, they cannot directly benefit from the rights and responsibilities provided to the refugees with the 1951 Geneva Convention. Although climate change is on the agenda of most countries today, the problems of people affected by climate change cannot attract the attention of the international community. Since the impacts of climate change affect certain regions of the countries that are currently exposed, the persons who are living the negative effects of this change cannot reach a solution other than relocation within the home country. It is unclear how the world states will act if an island nation is destroyed by rising sea levels in the near future. Moreover, the current refugee regime does not recognize people affected by the climate change as a refugee. The need for the international protection of these persons in international law is vital, however, still there is no legal basis established for their status. The main question here is how the international community will find a solution to the problem of climate refugees, which will become inevitable in the future. In this study, the problems of climate refugees and the solutions offered to these problems have been mentioned.

Keywords

• Climate Refugees
• 1951 Geneva Convention
• environmentally displaced people
• international protection
• problems of climate refugees

References

1. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. ‘‘About the Secretariat’’, https://unfccc.int/about-us/about-the-secretariat (Accessed 23.01.2021)
2. Altınsoy, Zeyned Deniz (2015). Yabancılar Hukuku Çerçevesinde Uluslararası Koruma ( MA Thesis). Çağ University: Social Sciences Institute.
3. Barnett, Laura (2002). "Global Governance and the Evolution of the International Refugee Regime". International Journal of Refugee Law, 14(2 and 3), 238–262.
4. Biermann, Frank & Boas Ingrid (2010). "Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees". Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 10, No. 1. p.. 60-88.
5. Billett, Simon (2010). "Dividing climate change. global warming in the Indian mass media". Climatic Change, 99 (1), 1–16.
6. Biermann, Frank and Boas,Ingrid (2008). "Protecting Climate Refugees: The Case for a Global Protocol". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 50:6, 8-17.
7. Castles, Stephen and Miller, J. Mark (2008). Göçler Çağı, Modern Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
8. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2009) ‘‘Climate change, natural disasters, and human displacement: a UNHCR perspective’’ https://www.unhcr.org/4901e81a4.pdf (Accessed 01.12.2020)

9. Dietz, T., Dolsak, N., Ostrom, E. and Stern, P.C. (2003). The Drama of the Commons.2 ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
10. Ekşi,Nuray (2016). "İklim Mültecileri", The Journal of Migration Studies.2:2,10-58.
11. Ekşi Nuray (2014).Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Hukuku. Beta Press, İstanbul.
12. Ergüven, Nasıh Sarp and Özturanlı, Beyza (2013).“Uluslararası Mülteci Hukuku ve Türkiye”. AÜHFD, 62:4, 1007-1062.
13. Farbotko, Carol (2012). Skilful seafarers, oceanic drifters or climate refugees? Pacific people, news value and the climate refugee crisis. In K. Moore, B. Gross, & T. Threadgold (Eds.), Migrations and the media (pp. 119–142). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.
14. Güler, Arzu (2016). “Mülteci Sorunu ve 1951 Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna İlişkin Sözleşme: Siyasi Gerçeklik ve Normatif Düzen İkilemi”. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13:51,41-61.
15. Jayawardhan, Shweta (2017). "Vulnerability and Climate Change Induced Human Displacement". Consilience:The Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol.17. pp.103-147.
16. Jaswal, Paramjit and Jolly, Stellina (2020). "CLIMATE REFUGEES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW". Journal of the Indian Law Institute, 55(1), 45-58. (Accessed 30.11.2020) http://www.jstor.org/stable/43953626
17. Koser, Khalid (2007) International Migration: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press: New York.
18. Malik,Zacharias (2019). Protecting Climate Refugees. MSc Thesis. Cranfield University. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336605800_Protecting_Climate_Refugees (Accessed 02.03.2021)
19. Malik, Zacharias. (2019). Protecting Climate Refugees. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.10166.04161.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336605800_Protecting_Climate_Refugees (Accessed 23.01.2020) McADAM, Jane (2011), "Swimming against the Tide: Why a Climate Change Displacement Treaty is Not the Answer". Refugee Law, 23(1), pp. 2-27.
20. Nanz, P. and Steffek, J.(2004). "Global Governance, Participation and the Public Sphere". Government and Opposition, 39, 314–335.
21. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2018) ‘’Note on International Protection’’ https://www.unhcr.org/5b2b71457.pdf (Accessed 27.12.2020)
22. Odman, Tevfik (1995). Mülteci Hukuku. Ankara University Faculty of Political Sciences Human Rights Center Publications.
23. Schmidt, A., Ivanova, A., and Schäfer, M. S. (2013). "Media attention for climate change around the world: A comparative analysis of newspaper coverage in 27 countries". Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1233–1248. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.
24. Schneider, S., Nullmeier, F. and Hurrelmann, A. (2007). Exploring the Communicative Dimension of Legitimacy: Text Analytical Approaches. Legitimacy in an Age of Global Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230598393_7
25. Schäfer, Mike (2015). Climate Change and the Media. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. 2:3, 853-859. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868910791?via%3Dihub (Accessed 23.01.2021)
26. Tekin,Esra (2020). "Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında İklim Mültecilerinin Korunması Sorunu". Türkiye Barolar Birligi Dergisi: 32(147), p.313-332.
27. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. ‘The Paris Agreement’’ https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-parisagreement#:%7E:text=The%20Paris%20Agreement%20is%20a,compared%20to%20pre%2Dindustrial%20levels (Accessed 03.01.2021)
28. Tol, Richard S. J. (2009). "The Economic Effects of Climate Change". Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23 (2): 29-51. DOI: 10.1257/jep.23.2.29.
29. UNOG Library. ‘’History of League of Nations (1919-1946)’’. https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/36BC4F83BD9E4443C1257AF3004FC0AE/%24file/Historical_overview_of_the_League_of_Nations.pdf (Accessed 30.11.2021)
30. UNHCR. ‘’The Refugee Convention,1951’’. https://www.unhcr.org/4ca34be29.pdf (Accessed 30.11.2021) (Accessed 30.11.2021)
31. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). ‘’The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol’’. September 2011. (Accessed 21.12.2020). Retrieved from: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4ec4a7f02.html
32. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). ‘’United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’’. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (Accessed 23.01.2021)
33. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2010). ‘’Cancun Adoption Framework. Cancun: United Nations Framework on Climate Change’’. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf (Accessed 23.01.2021)
34. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015). ‘’PARIS AGREEMENT. s.l.:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’’. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf (Accessed 23.01.2021)
35. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Refugee Data Finder. Last Update: 8 December 2020.https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/ (02.03.2021) Williams, Angela.(2008.)Turning the Tide: Recognizing Climate Change Refugees in International Law.Law-Policy. 30:4,502-529. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.91079-1
36. Ziya, O. (2012).Climate Refugees in the Uncertainty of Being a Refugees or Migrant. Türkiye Barolar Birligi Dergisi. 2012:99,229-240.