Research Article

PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908

Number: 14 August 31, 2025
TR EN

PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908

Abstract

The present paper attempts to chronicle the historical reasons for the collapse of the Ottoman Empire from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century through a discourse of the “Push” or “Pull” analyses. There may be numerous reasons for the phenomena from varied perspectives due to the grandness of the empire, which spanned nearly 600 years; thus, it is too broad in scope for all to be penned down in this study. Hence, the paper focuses on the “Push” or “Pull” debate rationale raised by Quataert as put forward by two scholars: Halil Inalcik and L.S. Stavrianos, respectively. The “Push” perspective of Inalcik viewed the collapse of the Ottoman state from its good intentions of bridging the equality gap between the various echelons of the state through the promulgation of various Imperial Rescripts but failed to implement the reforms holistically in the nineteenth century effectively. In contrast, the “Pull” standpoint of Stavrianos did not see any good intentions from the Ottoman state but attributed the disintegration of the empire to its political and economic exploitations of the subject peoples, especially the non-Muslim subjects. Thereupon, the paper attempts to connect the dots by exploring these two perspectives from the announcement of the Gulhane Hatt-i in 1839 to the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 that ousted the last Ottoman sultan, Sultan Abdulhamid II from the throne to end 600 years of the Ottoman Empire. The paper uses qualitative research techniques in the form of secondary sources to probe the phenomenon.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

I declare that there is no potential competing interest, financial funding, or personnel relationships that could inappropriately influence this paper.

References

  1. Barnwell, G. R. (1877). The Russo-Turkish war. San Francisco: A. Roman & Company.
  2. Bein, A. (2011). Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  3. Deringil, S. (1998). The Well-protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire 1876-1909. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
  4. Findley, C. V. (1989). Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  5. Hanioglu, M.S. (2008). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  6. Hanioglu, S. M. (2001). Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  7. Heyd, U. (1950). Foundations of Turkish Nationalism: The Life and Teachings of Ziya Gokalp. London and Beccles: Luzac & Company and The Harvill Press Ltd.
  8. Inalcik, H. (1973). Application of the Tanzimat and Its Social Effects. Belgium: The Peter de Ridder Press, (5): 1-36.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Regional Studies

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

September 2, 2025

Publication Date

August 31, 2025

Submission Date

March 23, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 1, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Number: 14

APA
Abass, U. (2025). PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, 14, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.69494/jirps.1663826
AMA
1.Abass U. PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908. JIRPSS. 2025;(14):1-27. doi:10.69494/jirps.1663826
Chicago
Abass, Usman. 2025. “PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908”. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, nos. 14: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.69494/jirps.1663826.
EndNote
Abass U (August 1, 2025) PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies 14 1–27.
IEEE
[1]U. Abass, “PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908”, JIRPSS, no. 14, pp. 1–27, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.69494/jirps.1663826.
ISNAD
Abass, Usman. “PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908”. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies. 14 (August 1, 2025): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.69494/jirps.1663826.
JAMA
1.Abass U. PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908. JIRPSS. 2025;:1–27.
MLA
Abass, Usman. “PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908”. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, no. 14, Aug. 2025, pp. 1-27, doi:10.69494/jirps.1663826.
Vancouver
1.Usman Abass. PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908. JIRPSS. 2025 Aug. 1;(14):1-27. doi:10.69494/jirps.1663826