AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN GÖÇÜ GÜVENLİKLEŞTİRME POLİTİKASINDA FRONTEX’İN ROLÜ

Year 2021, Issue: 3, 5 - 26, 31.12.2021

Salih Turgay

Abstract

AB’nin göç politikalarının güvenlikleştirilmesinde FRONTEX’in rolü ve FRONTEX’in operasyon ve faaliyetlerinin AB’nin ilke ve değerleri üzerindeki etkisi hakkında çalışmamız eleştirel bir analiz sunmaktadır. Schengen Antlaşması ile iç sınır kontrollerinin ortadan kaldırıldığı Schengen Alanı’nda dış sınır kontrolleri daha da önem kazanmış ve dış sınırların gözetim ve kontrolünün etkili olarak sağlanmasının yanı sıra ortak prosedürler belirlemek amacıyla FRONTEX kurulmuştur. Ancak FRONTEX’in yapısı, faaliyetleri ve koordine ettiği ortak operasyonların insan hakları ihlalleri, geri göndermeme yasağı gibi birçok AB ve uluslararası hukuk normuna aykırılık teşkil ettiği yönünde yoğun eleştiriler yaşanmaktadır. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgular AB’nin göç politikalarını FRONTEX’in de pratikleri ile güvenlikleştirmesinin AB’nin kuruluş değerleri, üyelik kriterleri ve uluslararası insan hakları hukukunu ihlal etme riski taşıyabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu tür ihlallerin devam etmesi durumunda gelecekte AB’nin güvenirliği ve uluslararası arenadaki imajına ciddi yansımaları olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Avrupa Birliği, FRONTEX, Güvenlikleştirme, Göç, Mülteci

THE ROLE OF FRONTEX IN SECURITIZATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION'S MIGRATION POLICY

Abstract

Our study provides a critical analysis of the role of FRONTEX in securitizing the EU’s immigration policies and the impact of FRONTEX’s operations and activities on the EU’s principles and values. While coming into force of the Schengen Agreement, external border controls have gained more importance in the Schengen Area and FRONTEX has been established in order to determine common procedures as well as to ensure effective surveillance and control of external borders. However, there are intense criticisms that the structure, activities and joint operations coordinated by FRONTEX are in violation of many EU and international law norms such as human rights violations and the prohibition of non-refoulement. The findings of the study reveal that the EU’s securitization of migration policies with the practices of FRONTEX may carry the risk of violating the EU’s founding values, membership criteria and international human rights law. If such violations continue, it is thought that there will be serious reflections on the credibility of the EU and its image in the international arena in the future.

Keywords

European Union, FRONTEX, Securitization, Migration, Refugee

References

• AB Komisyonu, (2015) Addressing the Refugee Crisis in Europe: The Role of EU External Action, Brussels, 9.9.2015 JOIN (2015) 40 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=JOIN:2015:0040:FIN:EN:PDF (Accessed 10.09.2021)
• Addressing Refugees, (2006). The State of the World’s Refugees 2006 - Human displacement in the new millennium - Chapter 3: Addressing refugee security.
• Andreas, Peter (2003). “Redrawing the Line: Borders and Security in the Twenty-first Century”. International Security, 28(2), 78-111.
• AP: FRONTEX, (2021)Temel Hakları Koruma Sorumluluğunu Üstlenmedi https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/ap-frontex-temel-haklari-koruma-sorumlulugunu-ustlenmedi-595963.html (Accessed 12.09.2021)
• Baldaccini, Anneliese (2010) “Extraterritorial border controls in the EU: the role of FRONTEX in operations at sea” Ryan, Bernard and Mitsilegas, Valsamis, (Ed.) Extraterritorial immigration control: legal challenges. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
• Balzacq, Thierry (2011) Securitization Theory. 1st ed. London: Routledge,
• Balzaqc, Thierry; Carrera, Sergio (2006) Security Versus Freedom? A Challenge for Europe’s Future, Aldershot, England.
• Bigo, Didier (2000) “When Two Become One: Internal and External Securitisations in Europe”. Williams, Micheal C. and Kelstrup, Morten (Ed.) International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration: Power, Security, and Community, London: Routledge.
• Bigo, Didier (2002). “Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease” Alternatives 27: Special Issue 63-92.
• Bigo, Didier. (2006) “Liberty, Whose Liberty? The Hague Programme and the Conception of Freedom”, 35-44 Balzaqc, Thierry, and Carrera, Sergio, (Ed.) Security Versus Freedom? A Challenge for Europe’s future, Aldershot, England
• Bigo, Didier. (2008) “The Emergence of a Consensus: Global Terrorism, Global Insecurity, and Global Security”, 67-94 D’Appollonia, Ariane, Chebel; Reich, Simon (Ed.) Immigration, Integration, and Security. Pittsburgh PA, University of Pittsburgh Press.
• Bilgin, Pınar, “Critical Theory”, (der.) Paul D. Williams, Security Studies: An Introduction, New York, Routledge, 2008.
• Buonfino, Alessandra (2006) “Between unity and plurality: the politicization and securitization of the discourse of immigration in Europe” New Political Science. 26(1), 23-49.
• Buzan, Barry (2008) “Askeri Güvenliğin Değişen Gündemi”, Uluslararası İlişkiler. Cilt.5, Sayı.18, Yaz 2008.
• Buzan, Barry; Kelstrup, Morten, and Lemaitre, Pierre (1990) The European Security Order Recast: Scenarios for the Post-Cold War Era, Londra - New York, Pinter Publishers.
• Carrera, Sergio (2007) “The EU Border Management Strategy Frontex and the Challenges of Irregular Immigration in the Canary Islands”. CEPS Working Document No 261.http://aei.pitt.edu/7385/1/1482.pdf. (Accessed 20.09.2021)
• COWI. (2009). “Frontex External evaluation of the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union.” Final Report January 2009. http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/may/frontex-eval-report-2009.pdf. (Accessed 20.09.2021)
• Debruyn, Stan (2017) The Contribution of Europol and Frontex to the Securitisation of Immigration in the EU: A Comparative Discourse Analysis, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Amsterdam, Düvell, Frank; Vollmer, Bastian (2011) “Improving EU and US Immigration Systems’ Capacity for Responding to Global Challenges: Learning from Experiences. ”EU-US Immigration Systems 2011/01. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute.
• FRONTEX (2004) COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 2007/2004 of 26 October 2004, https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1513171334865&uri=CELEX:32004R2007 (Accessed 12.09.2021)
• FRONTEX (2021b) Budget https://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Key_Documents/Budget/Budget_2021.pdf (Accessed 15.09.2021)
• FRONTEX (2021c) Type of Operations, https://frontex.europa.eu/we-support/types-of- operations/types-of-operations/ (Accessed 22.03.2021)
• FRONTEX (2021d) Main Operations, https://frontex.europa.eu/we-support/main- operations/operation-poseidon-greece-/ (Accessed 22.03.2021)
• FRONTEX (2009) FRONTEX Programme of work 2010. Warsaw: FRONTEX. http://www.frontex.europa.eu/work_programme (Accessed 15.09.2021)
• FRONTEX (2021a) Who We Are?, https://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/who-we- are/origin-tasks/ (Accessed 10.09.2021)
• FRONTEX (2014) Handbook to the operation plan: Joint maritime operations. http://www.statewatch.org/news/2017/feb/eu-frontex-handbook-jointmaritime-operations-censored. pdf (Accessed 21.03.2021)
• FRONTEX (2017) Frontex’ annual report on the implementation on the EU Regulation 656/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 xvi establishing rules for the surveillance of the external sea borders– 2016. http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/About_Frontex/Governance_documents/Sea_Surv eillance/Annual_Report_on_sea_surveillance_2016.pdf (Accessed 20.09.2021)
• Gökalp Aras, N. Ela (2014) “Biyopolitik Bir Nüfus Politikasi Olarak Avrupa Birliği’nin Düzensiz Göç Rejimi Ve Sınırlarda Ölüm Siyaseti”, Nüfusbilim Dergisi / Turkish Journal Of Population Studies 2014 36: 67–102.
• Huysmans, Jef (2000) “The European Union and the Securitization of Migration”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.XXXVIII, No.5, 761-762.
• Huysmans, Jef (2004) “A foucaultian view on spill-over: freedom and security in the EU” Journal of international relations and development, 7 (3), 294-318.
• Huysmans, Jef (2006). The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU. London, UK: Routledge.
• Karyotis, Georgios. (2007) “European Migration Policy in the Aftermath of 9/11 – the Security–Migration Nexus”. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 20(1):1-17.
• Kayaalp, Özgür (2018) Ege Denizinde Düzensiz Göç, Güvenlik ve İnsan Hakları Paradoksu: FRONTEX, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir.
• Kolasi, Klevis “Eleştirel Teori ve Güvenlik: Kimin İçin Güvenlik?”, Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi, November 2014.
• Kostakopoulou, Dora (2009) “The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice and the Political Morality of Migration and Integration”, 65-92, Lindahl, Hans, (Ed.) A Right to Inclusion and Hart Exclusion? Normative Fault Lines of the EU’s Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. Oxford, Hart Publishing.
• Leonard, Sarah (2007) “The Securitization of Asylum and Migration in the European Union: Beyond the Copenhagen School’s Framework” Paper Presented at the SGIR Sixth PanEuropean International Relations Conference, 1-35.
• Leonard, Sarah (2009) “The Creation of Frontex and the Politics of Institutionalisation in the EU External Borders Policy”. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 5(3):371-388.
• Leonard, Sarah (2010) “EU border security and migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and securitisation through practices.” European Security, 19(2), 231-254.
• Leonard, Sarah (2011) “Frontex and the Securitization of Migrants through Practices.” Migration Working Group Seminar. Florence, European University Institute.
• Lutterbeck, Derek (2006) “Policing migration in the Mediterranean” Mediterranean politics, 11 (1),59-82. Migreup (2013), Yunanistan ve Türkiye Arasında FRONTEX: Geri Çevrilme Sınırı, https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_tu_web-sommr-tu-ok.pdf (Accessed 11.09.2021)
• Monar, Jörg (2005) “The European Union’s integrated management of external borders” DeBardeleben, Joan (Ed.), Soft or hard borders? Managing the divide in an enlarged Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Monar, Jörg (2006)“ The external shield of the area of freedom, security and justice: progress and deficits of the integrated management of external EU borders” de Zwaan, Jaap W. and Goudappel, Flora A. N. J. (Ed.), Freedom, security and justice in the European Union: implementation of the Hague Programme. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. Neal, Andrew W, (2009) “Securitization and Risk at the EU Border: The Origins of FRONTEX” JCMS 2009 47(2), 333–356.
• Peoples, Columba; Vaughan-Williams, Nick (2014) Critical security studies. 2nd ed. NewYork: Routledge.
• ProAsyl (2013). Pushed Back: Systematic Human Right Violations against Refugees in the Aegean Sea and at the Greek-Turkish Land Border, http://www.proasyl.de/fileadmin/fmdam/l_EU_Fluechtlingspolitik/proasyl_pushed_back_24.01.14_a4.pdf (Accessed 11.09.2021)
• Rumelili, Bahar; Karadağ, Sibel, “Göç ve Güvenlik: Eleştirel Yaklaşımlar”, Toplum ve Bilim, 2017 S. 140.
• Tassinari, Fabrizio (2016). “The Disintegration of European Security: Lessons from the refugee crisis” Prism: A Journal of the Center for Complex Operations, 6(2), 70-83.
• Uluslararası Af Örgütü (2013). Frontier Europe: Human Rights Abuses on Greece’s border with Turkey, http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/greece_embargoed_until_7am_tomorrow.pdf (Accessed 20.09.2021)
• UNHCR.http://www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=4444afc80&query=2006%2 (Accessed 13.09.2021)
• Waever, Ole (2000) “The EU as a Security Actor: Reflections from a Pessimistic Constructivist on Post-Sovereign Security Orders” Williams, Micheal C. and Kelstrup, Morten, (Ed.) International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration: Power, Security, and Community, London: Routledge.
• Waever, Ole (2011) “Politics, Security, Theory.” Security Dialogue,42. 4-5: 465- 480.