İklim Krizi ve Egemenlik Çerçevesinde İklim Mağdurları

Year 2023, Issue: 7, 19 - 36, 30.04.2023

Selçuk Gürçam

Abstract

İklim krizi geniş kapsamlı ve hemen hemen her topluma etki eden küresel bir sorundur. Elbet bu etki her toplum için aynı oranda değildir. Özellikle iklim krizi, az gelişmiş ve kıyı şeridinde yer alan ülkeler ile küçük ada ülkeleri açısından daha büyük bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Bundan dolayı iklim krizi, insanları asırlardır yaşadıkları evlerinden sebep olmadıkları bir çevresel felaket dolayısıyla terk etmeye zorlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, iklim krizi dolayısıyla yerleşim yerlerini terk eden iklim mağdurlarını ve iklim mağdurlarının uluslararası hukuk nezdindeki durumunu devletlerin egemenlikleri çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Sonuç olarak, iklim krizine karşı yönelik atılan adımların yetersiz ve iklim mağdurları uluslararası hukuk çerçevesinde onları koruyacak hukuki statüden yoksundur. Bundan dolayı gelecekte yoğunlaşacak iklim kaynaklı zorunlu nüfus hareketlere karşı şimdiden gerekli adımların atılmaması halinde, devletlerin egemenliklerini aşınacaktır.

Keywords

İklim Krizi, Mülteci, İklim Mağdurları, Göç, Egemenlik.

Climate Victims in the Framework of Climate Crisis and Sovereignty

Abstract

The climate crisis is a wide-ranging global problem that affects almost every society. Of course, this effect is not the same for every society. In particular, the climate crisis poses a greater problem for underdeveloped and coastal countries and small island countries. Therefore, the climate crisis forces people to leave their homes, where they have lived for centuries, due to an environmental disaster they did not cause. This study examines the climate victims who left their settlements due to the climate crisis and the situation of climate victims before international law within the framework of the sovereignty of states. As a result, the steps taken against the climate crisis are insufficient, and climate victims lack the legal status to protect themselves under international law. Therefore, the sovereignty of states will be eroded if necessary steps are not taken against the climate-related forced population movements that will intensify in the future.

Keywords

İklim Krizi, Mülteci, İklim Mağdurları, Göç, Egemenlik.

References

• Aguilera, J. (2019). Siberian Wildfires and Heatwaves in Alaska: How the Arctic Is Nearing a Point of No Return. Time. https://time.com/5641751/arctic-wildfires-heatwaves-alaska-climate-change/ adresinden erişildi.
• Ahmed, B. (2018). Who takes responsibility for the climate refugees? International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 10(1), 5–26. doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-10-2016-0149
• Aleksandrova, M., Schraven, B. ve Serraglio, D. (2020). The implications of the UN’s ruling on ’climate refugees. https://www.idos-research.de/uploads/media/German_Development_Institute_Aleksandrova_Schraven_Serraglio_24.02.2020.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Atapattu, S. (2020). Climate change and displacement: protecting ‘climate refugees’ within a framework of justice and human rights. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 11(1), 86–113. doi:10.4337/jhre.2020.01.04
• Berchin, I. I., Valduga, I. B., Garcia, J. ve de Andrade Guerra, J. B. S. O. (2017). Climate change and forced migrations: An effort towards recognizing climate refugees. Geoforum, 84, 147–150. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.06.022
• Biermann, F. ve Boas, I. (2010). Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees. Global Environmental Politics, 10(1), 60–88. doi:10.1162/glep.2010.10.1.60
• Cereceda, R. (2020). High temperatures, melting ice and wildfires combine for unprecedented Arctic summer. Euro News. https://www.euronews.com/2020/07/14/high-temperatures-melting-ice-and-wildfires-combine-for-unprecedented-arctic-summer adresinden erişildi.
• Crawford, J. (2022). The big idea: do nations really need borders? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/aug/01/the-big-idea-do-nations-really-need-borders adresinden erişildi.
• Dauvergne, C. (2004). Sovereignty, Migration and the Rule of Law in Global Times. Modern Law Review, 67(4), 588–615. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.2004.00501.x
• Greenfield, N. (2022). Climate Migration and Equity. NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council). https://www.nrdc.org/stories/climate-migration-equity adresinden erişildi.
• Gürçam, S. ve Konuralp, E. (2022). Küreselden Yerele Çevresel Politika Yapımı: Iğdır İl Özel İdaresi Üzerine Bir Memorandum. Iğdır Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (6), 65–84.
• Handley, L. (2021). Pacific island minister films climate speech knee-deep in the ocean. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/08/tuvalu-minister-gives-cop26-speech-knee-deep-in-the-ocean-to-highlight-rising-sea-levels.html adresinden erişildi.
• Ida, T. (2021). Climate refugees – the world’s forgotten victims. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/06/climate-refugees-the-world-s-forgotten-victims/ adresinden erişildi.
• IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg2/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_FullReport.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Jackson, J. H. (2003). Sovereignty-Modern: A New Approach to an Outdated Concept. American Journal of International Law, 97(4), 782–802. doi:10.2307/3133680
• Joly, J. (2021). COP26: Why has a speech by Tuvalu’s Foreign Minister gone viral? Euro News Green. https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/11/09/cop26-tuvalu-s-foreign-minister-urges-world-leaders-to-address-climate-change adresinden erişildi.
• Karagöz, T. (2021). Climate Refugees: Understanding the Challenges for Climate Refugees. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, (1), 38–58.
• Konuralp, E. (2017). Attempts on Non-Reductionist Marxist Theory of the State. kilikya, 4(3), 1–33. doi:10.5840/kilikya20174312
• Konuralp, E. (2019). Kamusal’ın ‘Dinsel’le Yüzleşmesi: Kamusal Din Yaklaşımı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. E. Yağanak ve A. U. Hacıfevzioğlu (Ed.), Toplum, Siyaset ve Etik: Felsefi Soruşturmalar içinde . Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık.
• Konuralp, E. (2020). Between neoliberal appetence and environmentalist reservations: the political economy of sustainable aviation. International Journal of Sustainable Aviation, 6(2), 134. doi:10.1504/IJSA.2020.110603
• Konuralp, E. ve Bicer, S. (2021). Putting the Neoliberal Transformation of Turkish Healthcare System and Its Problems into a Historical Perspective. Review of Radical Political Economics, 53(654–674). doi:10.1177/04866134211005083
• Konuralp, E. ve Dayioğlu, N. (2022). Analysing the implications of the Health Transformation Program on perceptions of the welfare state and public services in Turkey. Acta Oeconomica, 72(2), 153–174. doi:10.1556/032.2022.00009
• Lister, M. (2014). Climate change refugees. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 17(5), 618–634. doi:10.1080/13698230.2014.919059
• Lustgarten, A. (2022). The Great Climate Migration. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/23/magazine/climate-migration.html adresinden erişildi.
• Maas, A. ve Carius, A. (2012). Territorial Integrity and Sovereignty: Climate Change and Security in the Pacific and Beyond (ss. 651–665). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28626-1_32
• Maslin, M., Parikh, P., Taylor, R. ve Chin-Yee, S. (2022). COP27 will be remembered as a failure – here’s what went wrong. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/cop27-will-be-remembered-as-a-failure-heres-what-went-wrong-194982 adresinden erişildi.
• McDonald, T. (2015). The man who would be the first climate change refugee. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34674374 adresinden erişildi.
• Mendez, F. ve Giampiero, G. (2001). Cuius Regio, Eius Religio, Omnium Spatium?" State Sovereignty in the Age of the Internet. Information & Security, 7, 15–27.
• Palmer, B. (2020). By 2070, More Than 3 Billion People May Live Outside the “Human Climate Niche”. NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council). https://www.nrdc.org/stories/2070-more-3-billion-people-may-live-outside-human-climate-niche adresinden erişildi.
• Podesta, J. (2019). The climate crisis, migration, and refugees. The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-climate-crisis-migration-and-refugees/ adresinden erişildi.
• Richards, L. (2022). How Climate Change Will Redraw Maps and Borders. Impakter. https://impakter.com/how-climate-change-will-redraw-maps-and-borders/ adresinden erişildi.
• Stratford, E., Farbotko, C. ve Lazrus, H. (2013). Tuvalu, Sovereignty and Climate Change: Considering Fenua, the Archipelago and Emigration. Island Studies Journal, 8(1), 67–83. doi:10.24043/isj.277
• The Guardian. (2021). Tuvalu minister to address Cop26 knee deep in water to highlight climate crisis and sea level rise. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/08/tuvalu-minister-to-address-cop26-knee-deep-in-seawater-to-highlight-climate-crisis adresinden erişildi.
• Tunio, Z. (2022). In Pakistan, 33 Million People Have Been Displaced in Floods. UNDARK. https://undark.org/2022/09/20/in-pakistan-33-million-people-have-been-displaced-in-floods/ adresinden erişildi.
• Turrentine, J. (2019). Climate Change Is Already Driving Mass Migration Around the Globe. NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council). https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/climate-change-already-driving-mass-migration-around-globe adresinden erişildi.
• Turrentine, J. (2022). IPCC: We Cannot Look Away—Climate Risks Are Cascading. NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council). https://www.nrdc.org/stories/ipcc-we-cannot-look-away-climate-risks-are-cascading adresinden erişildi.
• UNHCR. (1974). OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. https://www.unhcr.org/about-us/background/45dc1a682/oau-convention-governing-specific-aspects-refugee-problems-africa-adopted.html adresinden erişildi.
• UNHCR. (2020). Global Trends Forced Dısplacement İn 2020. https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/60b638e37/global-trends-forced-displacement-2020.html adresinden erişildi.
• UNHCR. (2022a). Climate change and disaster displacement. https://www.unhcr.org/climate-change-and-disasters.html adresinden erişildi.
• UNHCR. (2022b). What is a refugee? UN. https://www.unhcr.org/what-is-a-refugee.html adresinden erişildi.
• UNHCR. (2022c). Syria emergency. https://www.unhcr.org/syria-emergency.html adresinden erişildi.
• UNICEF. (2022). Cyclone Idai and Kenneth. https://www.unicef.org/mozambique/en/cyclone-idai-and-kenneth adresinden erişildi.
• United Nations. Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. Pub. L. No. A/RES/73/195 (2018). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N18/451/99/PDF/N1845199.pdf?OpenElement adresinden erişildi.
• United Nations. (2021). The Paris Agreement. UN. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement adresinden erişildi.
• Vince, G. (2022a). The century of climate migration: why we need to plan for the great upheaval. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2022/aug/18/century-climate-crisis-migration-why-we-need-plan-great-upheaval adresinden erişildi.
• Vince, G. (2022b). Is the world ready for mass migration due to climate change? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20221117-how-borders-might-change-to-cope-with-climate-migration adresinden erişildi.
• Watson, J. (2022). Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Climate change is already fueling global migration. The world isn’t ready to meet people’s changing needs, experts say. PBS NewsHour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/climate-change-is-already-fueling-global-migration-the-world-isnt-ready-to-meet-peoples-needs-experts-say adresinden erişildi.
• Wheeler, T. ve von Braun, J. (2013). Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security. Science, 341(6145), 508–513. doi:10.1126/science.1239402
• Williams, A. (2008). Turning the Tide: Recognizing Climate Change Refugees in International Law. Law & Policy, 30(4), 502–529. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008.00290.x
• Yamamoto, L. ve Esteban, M. (2010). Vanishing Island States and sovereignty. Ocean & Coastal Management, 53(1), 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.10.003
• Zurich. (2022). There could be 1.2 billion climate refugees by 2050. Here’s what you need to know. https://www.zurich.com/en/media/magazine/2022/there-could-be-1-2-billion-climate-refugees-by-2050-here-s-what-you-need-to-know adresinden erişildi.