Uluslararası Sistemi Yeniden Yorumlamak: Ulus-Devlet, Sermaye ve Küreselleşme

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 74 - 91, 30.12.2024

Salih Kaya

https://doi.org/10.62425/jirs.1556918

Abstract

Uluslararası sistemdeki gelişmeler, yalnızca sistemin genel yapısını değil, içindeki aktörleri de dönüştürmüştür. 1648 Vestfalya düzeni, diplomasi mekanizmalarını kurumsallaştırarak ulus-devletlerin rolünü artırmıştır. Ancak ulus-devletlerin güçlenmesiyle sermaye gruplarının büyümesi, bu devletleri zorlayan bir faktör haline gelmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde uluslararası şirketlerin ortaya çıkışı, dış politika tercihlerini etkilemiş, devletler arasında rekabeti artırmış ve korumacı politikalar teşvik edilmiştir. Bu politikalar, Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın patlak vermesine zemin hazırlamıştır. Wilson İlkeleri, imparatorlukların yerini ulus-devletlere bırakmasını sağlamıştır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın ardından ABD ve Sovyetler Birliği başat güçler olarak ortaya çıkmış, Soğuk Savaş döneminde şirketler uluslararası sahnede güç kazanmaya başlamıştır. Soğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesi ve neoliberal düzen, şirketlerin ulus-ötesileşmesini hızlandırmıştır. 2008 Ekonomik Krizi ve 2020 Kovid-19 pandemisi, ulus-devletlerin zayıflığını artırırken sermayenin güçlenmesine yol açmıştır. Günümüzde uluslararası sistemdeki değişim, şirketlerin artan gücüyle birlikte, realist düşüncenin öngördüğü devlet merkezli yapıdan Coxçu okulun öngördüğü çok kutuplu bir yapıya evrilmektedir. Bu çalışma, ulus-devletlerin doğuşundan günümüze kadar olan süreci eleştirel teori ve post-modern felsefe bağlamında ele almakta ve ulus-devlet ile sermaye arasındaki ilişkiyi irdelemektedir.

Keywords

Ulus-devlet, sermaye, çok kutupluluk, jeo-ekonomi

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, etik standartlara uygun şekilde yürütülmüş ve araştırma sürecinde etik kuralların gözetilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında hiçbir kurum ya da kuruluştan finansal ya da materyal bir destek alınmamıştır.

Revisiting International System: Nation-State, Capital and Globalisation

Abstract

Developments in the international system have reshaped both its structure and the actors within it. The 1648 Peace of Westphalia institutionalized diplomatic mechanisms, strengthening nation-states. However, the rise of capital groups soon posed challenges to state power. By the late 19th century, international corporations began influencing foreign policy, increasing competition and promoting protectionist policies, which contributed to the outbreak of World War I. Wilsonian Principles facilitated the transition from empires to nation-states. After World War II, the U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as dominant powers, and during the Cold War, international corporations gained further influence. The end of the Cold War and the rise of neoliberalism accelerated the growth of transnational corporations. The 2008 Economic Crisis and 2020 COVID-19 pandemic revealed the economic vulnerabilities of states while empowering corporations. Today, as corporate power grows, the international system is shifting towards a multipolar world, moving beyond the state-centric focus of realist thought, as envisioned by the Coxian school. This study examines the evolution of the international system, employing critical theory and postmodern philosophy to analyse the rise of nation-states and the rise of other actors.

Keywords

Nation-State, capital, multipolarity, geo-economics

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